Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Preface xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Databases 2
Theoretical Sources 3
Methodology 4
Identity Empowerment Theory 4
Clinical Interventions 6
Religion, Spirituality, and Empowerment 6
Chapter 2 Setting the Scene 9
Self 10
Social Structures 12
Value Choices 12
Families 13
Religion 14
Social Classes 15
Cultures 16
Society 17
Questions and Answers 18
Generalizations 18
Propositions 19
Choices 20
Case Study 20
Strategies for Clinical Interventions 22
Chapter 3 The Individual and Religion 25
Self 26
Identity 27
Individual 28
Beliefs 28
Values 29
Religion 30
The Individual and Religion 31
Questions and Answers 32
Generalizations 33
Propositions 34
Choices 34
Case Study 35
Strategies for Clinical Interventions 37
Chapter 4 Society and Religion 39
Society and the Concept of God 40
Religion and Social Change 41
Religious Symbols 42
Rites and Roles 43
Religion and Community 44
The Individual, Religion, and Society 45
Society and Religion 46
Questions and Answers 47
Generalizations 48
Propositions 48
Choices 49
Case Study 50
Strategies for Clinical Interventions 51
Chapter 5 Families and Religion 55
Families and Beliefs 56
Religions and Family Roles 57
Family Responsibilities 57
Individuals and Families 58
Religions Need Families 59
Families, Religions, and Adaptation 60
Families and Religious Reinforcements 61
Questions and Answers 62
Generalizations 63
Propositions 64
Choices 64
Case Study 65
Strategies for Clinical Interventions 66
Chapter 6 Gender and Religion 69
Religious Dictates and Gender 70
Gender and the Concept of God 71
Gender and Religious Devotions 72
Gender, Religious Beliefs, and Religious Practices 73
Religious Sanctions and Gender Roles 74
Gender, Social Class, and Religion 75
Gender, Identity, and Religion 76
Questions and Answers 77
Generalizations 77
Propositions 78
Choices 79
Case Study 80
Strategies for Clinical Interventions 82
Chapter 7 Social Class and Religion 85
Religion and Evolution 86
Religion and Oppression 87
Religion and Industrialization 88
Religion and Social Status 89
Religion and Social Mobility 90
Identity and Religion 91
Social Class and Religion 91
Questions and Answers 92
Generalizations 93
Propositions 94
Choices 95
Case Study 95
Strategies for Clinical Interventions 97
Chapter 8 Culture and Religion 101
Culture and Society 102
Tradition and Religion 102
Secularism and Religion 103
Constructive Values and Religion 104
Destructive Values and Religion 105
Individual Orientation and Religion 106
Collective Orientation and Religion 107
Questions and Answers 108
Generalizations 109
Propositions 109
Choices 110
Case Study 110
Strategies for Clinical Interventions 112
Chapter 9 Responsibility and Religion 115
Responsibility 116
Religious Responsibility 116
Moral Concerns 117
Ethical Issues 118
Empirical Data and Religion 119
Empirical Data and Responsibility 120
Identity and Responsibility 121
Questions and Answers 121
Generalizations 122
Propositions 123
Choices 123
Case Study 124
Strategies for Clinical Interventions 126
Chapter 10 Social Change and Religion 129
Religion as a Conservative Force 130
Religion and Innovation 131
Religion and History 132
Religion and Evolutionary Adaptation 133
Religion, Moral Agency, and Social Change 134
Religion, Motivation, and Social Change 134
Religion, Identity, and Social Change 135
Questions and Answers 136
Generalizations 137
Propositions 138
Choices 138
Case Study 139
Strategies for Clinical Interventions 141
Chapter 11 Identity and Religion 143
Personal Contexts 144
Work Systems 144
Political Organization 145
Identity, Religion, and History 146
Individuality and the Universe 147
Vocation 148
Identity 149
Questions and Answers 149
Generalizations 150
Propositions 151
Choices 151
Case Study 152
Strategies for Clinical Interventions 153
Chapter 12 Conclusions 157
Social Sources of Identity 158
Social Consequences of Identity 159
Religion and Priorities 159
Orientation 160
Giving to Self 161
Giving to Others 162
Fulfillment 162
References 165
Appendix: Identity Empowerment Theory 169
Index 177
