Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic Warfare Scenarios 1
1.1 Definitions and Electronic Warfare Role in the Military Field 1
1.2 Main Weapon Systems of Interest to EW 3
1.2.1 Artillery Systems 5
1.2.2 Missile Systems 7
1.2.3 Active Homing Missiles 11
1.2.4 Passive IR-Guided Missiles 12
1.2.5 Sea-Skimming Missiles 13
1.2.6 ARMs 14
1.2.7 Theater Ballistic Missiles 15
1.3 Remotely Piloted Airborne Systems 17
1.3.1 UAVs 18
1.3.2 USVs 18
1.4 DEWs 20
1.5 EW in Symmetric Conflicts 22
1.6 EW in Asymmetric Conflicts 27
References 28
Chapter 2 Evolution of Signal Emitters and Sensors 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Sensor Electromagnetic Spectrum and Atmospheric Propagation 30
2.3 Radar Principles and Types 32
2.3.1 Radar Equation 36
2.3.2 Radar Structure 37
2.3.3 Radar Clutter Signal Processing 39
2.3.4 Radar Signal Processing Fundamentals 43
2.3.5 Automatic Detection 56
2.3.6 Pulse Compression 61
2.3.7 Surveillance Radars 62
2.3.8 LPI Radars 63
2.3.9 Pulse Doppler Radars 76
2.3.10 Tracking Radars 85
2.3.11 Sar 102
2.3.12 Bistatic and Passive Covert Radars 106
2.3.13 Multiple Input-Multiple Output Radars 115
2.4 Communications 119
2.4.1 Access Methods 122
2.4.2 Digital Signaling 123
2.4.3 Secure Communications 127
2.4.4 Coding of Communication Signals 127
2.4.5 Typical Military Communication Systems 131
2.5 Satellite Navigation Systems 133
2.6 EO Thermal Imagers 137
2.6.1 MRT 144
2.6.2 IR Missile Seekers 147
2.6.3 IR Missile Detection Range 152
2.6.4 IR Missile Seeker CCM 154
2.6.5 Missile Approach Warner 155
2.7 Laser Radar Systems 156
2.7.1 Laser Target Designation and Ranging 157
2.7.2 Laser Radar Receivers 157
2.7.3 Laser Radar Range Equation 158
2.7.4 Target Detection 161
References 163
Chapter 3 EW RF Band Sensor Systems 165
3.1 EW RF Band Sensor Systems 165
3.2 EW Radar Bands Sensors 166
3.2.1 RWR Architecture 166
3.2.2 ESM Architecture 168
3.2.3 ELINT Architecture 168
3.3 EW Sensor Sensitivity 170
3.3.1 Conclusions 176
3.4 POI 177
3.5 EW Radar Band Sensor Architectures 184
3.5.1 Architecture of Past Generation Intercept Receivers 184
3.5.2 EW Radar Band Sensor New Architectures 194
3.5.3 DSP Technologies 203
3.5.4 EW Radar Band Sensor Next Generation Architectures 207
3.6 Detection and Classification of LPI Radars 208
3.7 Emitter Deinterleaving and Sorting 215
3.8 Emitter Identification 219
3.8.1 Specific Emitter Identification 220
3.9 Communications ESM 223
3.9.1 CESM 224
3.9.2 Comint 230
3.10 Sigint 230
3.11 Conclusion 233
References 233
Chapter 4 RF Direction Finding and Emitter Location Techniques 237
4.1 Introduction 237
4.2 Amplitude Comparison DF Methods 237
4.3 Phase Comparison Monopulse DF Measurement Methods 245
4.3.1 Correlative Phase DF 249
4.4 Time Difference DF 254
4.5 Emitter Location 261
4.5.1 Triangulation 263
4.5.2 Trilateration 266
4.5.3 Operational Mobile PET System 268
4.5.4 Frequency Difference on Arrival Passive Location Technique 275
4.5.5 Inverse Passive Location 279
4.6 Conclusions 282
References 284
Chapter 5 Electronic Countermeasure Systems 287
5.1 Introduction 287
5.1.1 Typical RECM Requirements and Missions 289
5.1.2 EW Radar Jamming Equation 290
5.2 RECM Architecture 293
5.3 DRFM 297
5.3.1 Phase-Sampled DREMs 300
5.4 RECM Transmitters 304
5.4.1 RTDL 315
5.5 Chaff 317
5.6 CECM Systems 319
5.7 Infrared ECM Systems 324
5.7.1 Flares 330
5.7.2 Combined DIRCM-Flares Counter measures 331
5.8 Conclusions 331
References 332
Chapter 6 ECM Techniques and Sensor ECCMs 335
6.1 Introduction 335
6.2 ECM Principles and Techniques Used Against Surveillance Radars and Related ECCMs 335
6.2.1 Frequency Agility in Transmission 336
6.2.2 PRI Agility 336
6.2.3 Ultralow Sidelobes 336
6.2.4 Multisidelobe Canceller 337
6.2.5 Sidelobe Blanker 341
6.2.6 Adaptive Arrays 342
6.2.7 Noise Jamming 343
6.2.8 False Targets 344
6.3 ECM Techniques Against SAR 345
6.4 ECM Principles and Techniques Against Tracking Radars and Related ECCM 352
6.4.1 Range Tracking Loop Deception 353
6.4.2 RECM Techniques Against Radar Doppler Tracking 356
6.4.3 RECM Techniques Against Radar Angle Measurement 359
6.5 Conclusions About RECM Techniques 377
6.6 ECM Techniques Against Communication Systems 378
6.6.1 Noise Jamming 380
6.6.2 Follower Jammer 383
6.6.3 Smart Jamming 386
6.6.4 GNSS Jamming 386
6.7 Conclusions on ECM Techniques 390
References 390
Appendix A Signal Detection in Sensor Receivers 393
A.1 Integration of Successive Radar Pulses 398
A.2 Coherent Detection 399
References 400
Appendix B Introductory Concepts of Estimation Theory 401
B.1 Maximum Likelihood Function Estimator 403
B.2 Least-Squares Method of Estimation 404
Reference 406
Appendix C Antennas and Phased Array Antennas 407
C.1 Antenna Types 410
C.2 Array Antennas 412
References 423
Appendix D Analog Modulation Methods 425
D.1 Amplitude Modulation 425
D.2 Angle Modulation 426
D.3 Quadrature Modulation 427
Reference 428
Appendix E Evaluation of BER Increase for Noise and CW Tone Jamming in Communication Systems Employing BFSK Modulation 429
References 433
Appendix F Radar Pulse Compression Waveforms 435
F.1 Linear FM 435
F.2 Binary Phase-Code Pulse Compression 435
F.3 Polyphase Codes 438
F.4 Costas Codes 440
F.5 Further Coding 441
F.5.1 NLFM 441
F.5.2 Complementary Codes (Golay Codes) 441
F.6 Combined or Compound Barker Codes 442
F.7 Multicarrier Phase-Coded Signals 442
References 445
About the Author 447
Index 449
