Introduction To Telecommunications Network Engineering

by Tarmo Anttalainen, Tarmo Annttalainen

Overview

This new book provides a clear and succinct introduction to telecommunications networks, including voice, data, and mobile cellular systems. It takes a non-technical approach to explain the vast variety of technologies and services available to users as a result of rapid growth and deregulation of the telecommunications business. You learn how the different technologies are structured, how telecommunication networks operate, and what options can be best utilized. You also gain insight into modern technologies and general trends in technical development.

The book is an easy-to-read introduction that helps broaden your knowledge of telecommunications networks, including:

>Standardization and leading standards organizations

>The advantages of digital technologies over analog

>Operation of data communication systems

>Modern technologies such as Gigabit Ethernet Voice over IP and high-speed switching

This overview of telecommunications networks for development engineers, testing personnel, and sales managers also serves as a valuable reference for students of telecommunications and information technology.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780890069844
Publisher:	Artech House, Incorporated
Publication date:	10/31/1998
Pages:	324
Product dimensions:	6.14(w) x 9.21(h) x 0.75(d)

About the Author

Tarmo Anttalainen is a principal lecturer at Espoo-Vantaa Institute of Technology in Finland, specializing in data communications, public telecommunications networks, and cellular networks. He holds an M.S. in telecommunications from Helsinki University of Technology.

Table of Contents

	Preface	xv
1	Introduction to Telecommunications	1
1.1	What Is Telecommunications?	1
1.2	Significance of Telecommunications	1
1.3	Historical Perspective	3
1.4	Standardization	6
1.5	Standards Organizations	8
1.5.1	Interested Parties	9
1.5.2	National Standardization Authorities	10
1.5.3	European Organizations	10
1.5.4	American Organizations	11
1.5.5	Global Organizations	12
1.5.6	Other Organizations	13
1.6	Development of Telecommunication Business	13
2	The Telecommunications Network: An Overview	17
2.1	Basic Telecommunications Network	17
2.1.1	Transmission	18
2.1.2	Switching	18
2.1.3	Signaling	19
2.2	Operation of a Conventional Telephone	20
2.2.1	Microphone	20
2.2.2	Earphone	22
2.2.3	Signaling Functions	22
2.3	Signaling to the Exchange from the Telephone	22
2.3.1	Set-Up and Release of a Call	23
2.3.2	Rotary Dialing	23
2.3.3	Tone Dialing	25
2.4	Local-Loop and 2W/4W Circuits	26
2.5	Telephone Numbering	29
2.5.1	International Prefix	29
2.5.2	Country Code	30
2.5.3	Trunk Code, Trunk Prefix, or Area Code	30
2.5.4	Subscriber Number	30
2.5.5	Operator Numbers	31
2.6	Switching and Signaling	31
2.6.1	Telephone Exchange	31
2.6.2	Signaling	31
2.6.3	Switching Hierarchy	35
2.6.4	Telephone Call Routing	36
2.7	The Local Access Network	39
2.7.1	Local Exchange	41
2.8	The Trunk Network	42
2.9	The International Network	43
2.10	Telecommunications Networks	44
2.10.1	Public Networks	45
2.10.2	Private or Dedicated Networks	48
2.10.3	Virtual Private Networks	48
2.10.4	Intelligent Network	49
2.10.5	Public-Switched Telecommunications Network Today	53
2.11	Network Management	55
2.11.1	Introduction to Network Management	55
2.11.2	Who Manages Networks?	56
2.11.3	Data Communications Network of TMN	57
2.11.4	Telecommunications Management Network	58
2.12	Traffic Engineering	61
2.12.1	Grade of Service	61
2.12.2	Busy Hour	62
2.12.3	Traffic Density and the Erlang	62
2.12.4	Probability of Blocking	63
2.13	Problems and Review Questions	67
3	Signals Carried Over the Network	69
3.1	Types of Information and Their Requirements	69
3.2	Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Communication	72
3.3	Frequency and Bandwidth	73
3.3.1	Frequency	73
3.3.2	Bandwidth	75
3.4	Analog and Digital Signals and Systems	76
3.4.1	Analog and Digital Signals	76
3.4.2	Advantages of Digital Technology	78
3.4.3	Examples of Messages	80
3.5	Analog Signals Over Digital Networks	81
3.6	Pulse Code Modulation	84
3.6.1	Sampling	85
3.6.2	Quantizing	88
3.6.3	Quantizing Noise	89
3.6.4	Nonuniform Quantizing	91
3.6.5	Companding Algorithms and Performance	93
3.6.6	Binary Coding	95
3.6.7	PCM Encoder and Decoder	97
3.7	Other Speech Coding Methods	98
3.7.1	Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation	99
3.7.2	Speech Coding of GSM	101
3.7.3	Summary of Speech Coding Methods	102
3.8	Power Levels of Signals and Decibels	104
3.8.1	Decibel, Gain and Loss	104
3.8.2	Power Levels	106
3.8.3	Digital Milliwatt	108
3.9	Problems and Review Questions	110
4	Transmission	113
4.1	The Basic Concept of a Transmission System	113
4.1.1	The Elements of a Transmission System	113
4.1.2	Signals and Spectra	115
4.2	Radio Transmission	116
4.2.1	Continuous Wave Modulation Methods	116
4.2.2	Amplitude Modulation	117
4.2.3	Frequency Modulation	121
4.2.4	Phase Modulation	122
4.2.5	Allocation of the Electromagnetic Spectrum	124
4.2.6	Attenuation of a Radio Wave, Free Space Loss	126
4.3	Maximum Data Rate of a Transmission Channel	128
4.3.1	Symbol Rate (Baud Rate) and Bandwidth	128
4.3.2	Symbol Rate and Bit Rate	130
4.3.3	Maximum Capacity of a Transmission Channel	132
4.4	Coding	134
4.4.1	The Purpose of Coding	134
4.4.2	Spectrum of Common Line Codes	136
4.5	Regeneration	137
4.6	Multiplexing	140
4.6.1	Frequency and Time Division Multiplexing	140
4.6.2	The PCM Frame Structure	141
4.6.3	Plesiochronous Transmission Hierarchy	148
4.6.4	Synchronous Digital Hierarchy and SONET	150
4.7	Transmission Media	153
4.7.1	Copper Cables	153
4.7.2	Optical Fiber Cables	155
4.7.3	Radio Waves	157
4.7.4	Satellite Transmission	157
4.8	Transmission Equipment in the Network	159
4.8.1	Modems	159
4.8.2	Multiplexers	160
4.8.3	Add/Drop Multiplexers	160
4.8.4	Digital Crosscurrent Systems	160
4.8.5	Regenerators or Intermediate Repeaters	161
4.8.6	Optical Line Systems	161
4.8.7	Microwave Relay Systems	161
4.9	High-Capacity Transmission Over Copper Cable Pairs	161
4.9.1	Applications of DSL	162
4.9.2	Digital Subscriber Line Techniques	163
4.10	Problems and Review Questions	167
5	Mobile Communications	171
5.1	Cellular Radio Principles	171
5.2	Structure of a Cellular Network	173
5.2.1	Cellular Structure	173
5.2.2	Home and Visitors Location Registers	174
5.2.3	Radio Channels	175
5.3	Operation Principle of a Cellular Network	176
5.3.1	Mobile Station in Idle Mode	176
5.3.2	Outgoing Call	177
5.3.3	Incoming Call	177
5.3.4	Handover or Handoff	178
5.3.5	Mobile Station Transmitting Power	178
5.4	Mobile Communications Systems	178
5.4.1	Cordless Telephones	178
5.4.2	Private Mobile Radio	180
5.4.3	Radio Paging	184
5.4.4	Analog Cellular Systems	185
5.4.5	Digital Cellular Systems	185
5.4.6	Mobile Satellite Systems	190
5.5	Global System for Mobile Communications and PCS-1900	192
5.5.1	Structure of the GSM Network	192
5.5.2	Physical Channels	196
5.5.3	Logical Channels	197
5.6	Operation of the GSM/PCS-1900 Network	198
5.6.1	Location Update	198
5.6.2	Mobile Call	201
5.6.3	Handover or Handoff	203
5.6.4	The Security Functions of GSM	206
5.7	Problems and Review Questions	207
6	Data Communications	209
6.1	Principles of Data Communications	209
6.1.1	Computer Communications	209
6.1.2	Serial and Parallel Data Communication	210
6.1.3	Asynchronous and Synchronous Data Transmission	211
6.2	Data Communication Protocols	212
6.2.1	Protocol Hierarchies	213
6.2.2	The Purpose and Value of Layering	214
6.2.3	Open Systems Interconnection	216
6.2.4	Data Flow Through a Protocol Stack	223
6.3	Voice Band Modems	225
6.3.1	Operation of the Voice Band Modems	225
6.3.2	V-Series Recommendations of ITU-T	227
6.3.3	Additional Functions of Modems	229
6.4	Baseband Modems and Leased Lines	231
6.4.1	Baseband Modems	231
6.4.2	Leased Lines	231
6.5	Integrated Services Digital Network	233
6.6	Local Area Network	234
6.6.1	LAN Technologies and Network Topologies	234
6.6.2	Multiple Access Scheme of the Ethernet	236
6.6.3	CSMA/CD Network Structure	237
6.6.4	Frame Structure of the Ethernet	238
6.6.5	CSMA/CD Collision Detection	239
6.6.6	Twisted Pair Ethernet	242
6.6.7	Switched Ethernet, Switches, and Bridges	244
6.6.8	Fast Ethernet	244
6.6.9	Gigabit Ethernet	245
6.6.10	Virtual LAN	247
6.7	Circuit and Packet Switching	247
6.7.1	Circuit Switching	248
6.7.2	Packet Switching	249
6.7.3	Layer 3 Routing and Routers	249
6.7.4	Switching and Routing Through Virtual Circuits	251
6.7.5	Gigabit Switching Routers	252
6.8	Internet and TCP/IP	253
6.8.1	Development of the Internet	253
6.8.2	Internet Protocol	254
6.8.3	Transmission Control Protocol	255
6.8.4	Application Protocols	256
6.9	Fast Packet Switching and ATM	257
6.9.1	Frame Relay	257
6.9.2	Asynchronous Transfer Mode	257
6.9.3	Protocol Layers of ATM	259
6.9.4	Cell Structure of ATM	259
6.9.5	Physical Layer of ATM	261
6.9.6	Switching of ATM Cells	262
6.9.7	Service Classes and Adaptation Layer	263
6.9.8	Applications of ATM	265
6.10	IP Switching	266
6.11	Problems and Review Questions	268
7	Future Developments in Telecommunications	271
7.1	Introduction	271
7.2	Optical Fiber Systems	272
7.3	Mobile Communications	272
7.3.1	Wireless Office	273
7.4	Local Access Network	273
7.4.1	High Data-Rate Digital Transmission over Existing Subscriber Pairs	274
7.4.2	Fiber in the Local Loop	274
7.5	Wireless Local Loop	274
7.6	Interactive Digital Services	274
7.6.1	Video-on-Demand	275
7.6.2	Information Services	275
7.6.3	Home Shopping	275
7.6.4	Video Conferencing and Video Telephony	275
7.7	Internet and Intranet	276
7.8	Computer Telephone Integration	276
7.9	Voice Over IP	277
7.10	Broadband ISDN and ATM	279
7.11	Digital Broadcasting Systems	280
7.11.1	Digital Radio	280
7.11.2	Digital TV	280
7.11.3	High-Definition TV	280
7.12	Summary	280

Editorial Reviews

A textbook for students of information technology, providing a broad overview of the structure and operation of a communications network to stand as a foundation for deeper studies of various aspects, such as spectral analysis and data and mobile networks. Addresses such questions as why the field has grown so rapidly, the important of standardization, and why people prefer digital to analog technologies. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.

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