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Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780197602409 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Oxford University Press |
| Publication date: | 11/30/2021 |
| Edition description: | 5th ed. |
| Pages: | 600 |
| Product dimensions: | 7.55(w) x 9.31(h) x 0.89(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Part I Setting the Stage 1
Chapter 1 What Logic Studies 2
A Statements and Arguments 4
B Recognizing Arguments 6
Exercises 1B 10
C Arguments and Explanations 19
Exercises 1C 20
D Truth and Logic 22
E Deductive and Inductive Arguments 23
Exercises 1E 26
F Deductive Arguments: Validity and Soundness 29
Argument Form 30
Counterexamples 34
Summary of Deductive Arguments 41
Exercises 1F 41
G Inductive Arguments: Strength and Cogency 44
Techniques of Analysis 47
The Role of New Information 48
Summary of Inductive Arguments 49
Exercises 1G 49
H Reconstructing Arguments 51
Exercises 1H 57
Summary 60
Key Terms 62
Logic Challenge: The Problem of the Hats 62
Part II Informal Logic 127
Chapter 4 Informal Fallacies 128
A Why Study Fallacies? 130
B Fallacies Based on Personal Attacks or Emotional Appeals 130
Fallacies Based on Personal Attacks 131
1 Ad Hominem Abusive 131
2 Ad Hominem Circumstantial 132
3 Poisoning the Well 132
4 Tu Quoque 133
Fallacies Based on Emotional Appeals 134
5 Appeal to the People 135
6 Appeal to Pity 136
7 Appeal to Fear or Force 137
Summary of Fallacies Based on Personal Attacks 138
Summary of Fallacies Based on Emotional Appeals 138
Exercises 4B 139
C Weak Inductive Argument Fallacies 144
Generalization Fallacies 144
8 Rigid Application of a Generalization 144
9 Hasty Generalization 145
10 Composition 146
11 Division 148
12 Biased Sample 149
False Cause Fallacies 149
13 Post Hoc 150
14 Slippery Slope 153
Summary of Weak Inductive Argument Fallacies 153
Exercises 4C 154
D Fallacies of Unwarranted Assumption or Diversion 159
Unwarranted Assumption 159
15 Begging the Question 159
16 Complex Question 161
17 Appeal to Ignorance 163
18 Appeal to an Unqualified Authority 165
19 False Dichotomy 166
Fallacies of Diversion 167
20 Equivocation 168
21 Straw Man 169
22 Red Herring 170
23 Misleading Precision 171
24 Missing the Point 172
Summary of Fallacies of Unwarranted Assumption and Diversion 173
Exercises 4D 174
E Recognizing Fallacies in Ordinary Language 179
Exercises 4E 181
Summary 188
Key Terms 190
Logic Challenge: A Clever Problem 190
Part III Formal Logic 191
Chapter 5 Categorical Propositions 192
A Categorical Propositions 193
Exercises 5A 195
B Quantity, Quality, and Distribution 196
Exercises 5B 199
C Existential Import 201
D The Modern Square of Opposition and Venn Diagrams 201
Venn Diagrams 203
Exercises 5D 207
E Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition in the Modern Square 209
Conversion 209
Obversion 210
Contraposition 210
Diagrams 210
Summary of Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition 212
Exercises 5E 213
E The Traditional Square of Opposition and Venn Diagrams 215
Exercises 5F.1 218
Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Square 220
Exercises 5F.2 223
G Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition in the Traditional Square 225
Summary of Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition 225
Conversion 226
Obversion 226
Contraposition 226
Exercises 5G 227
H Translating Ordinary Language into Categorical Propositions 227
Missing Plural Nouns 228
Nonstandard Verbs 228
Singular Propositions 230
Adverbs and Pronouns 231
"It Is False That…" 232
Implied Quantifiers 232
Nonstandard Quantifiers 234
Conditional Statements 234
Exclusive Propositions 236
"The Only" 237
Propositions Requiring Two Translations 237
Exercises SH 239
Summary 242
Key Terms 243
Logic Challenge: Group Relationship 244
Chapter 6 Categorical Syllogisms 245
A Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms 245
B Mood and Figure 247
Exercises 6B 248
C Diagramming in the Modern Interpretation 250
Diagramming A-Propositions 252
Diagramming E-Propositions 253
Diagramming I-Propositions 254
Diagramming O-Propositions 256
Wrapping Up the X 258
Is the Syllogism Valid? 259
Exercises 6C 263
D Rules and Fallacies Under the Modern Interpretation 267
Rule 1: The middle term must be distributed in at least one premise 267
Associated Fallacy: Undistributed Middle 267
Rule 2: If a term is distributed in the conclusion, then it must be distributed in a premise 268
Associated Fallacies: Illicit Major/Illicit Minor 268
Rule 3: A categorical syllogism cannot have two negative premises 269
Associated Fallacy: Exclusive Premises 269
Rule 4: A negative premise must have a negative conclusion 270
Associated Fallacy: Affirmative Conclusion/Negative Premise 270
Rule 5: A negative conclusion must have a negative premise 271
Associated Fallacy: Negative Conclusion/Affirmative Premises 271
Rule 6: Two universal premises cannot have a particular conclusion 272
Associated Fallacy: Existential Fallacy 272
Summary of Rules 273
Exercises 6D 273
E Diagramming in the Traditional Interpretation 274
A-Propositions 274
E-Propositions 276
Exercises 6E 279
F Rules and Fallacies Under the Traditional Interpretation 283
Exercises 6F 283
G Ordinary Language Arguments 284
Reducing the Number of Terms in an Argument 284
Exercises 6G.1 289
Paraphrasing Ordinary Language Arguments 291
Categorical Propositions and Multiple Arguments 292
Exercises 6G.2 294
H Enthymemes 296
Exercises 6H 301
I Sorites 305
Exercises 61 308
Summary 312
Key Terms 314
Logic Challenge: Relationships Revisited 314
Chapter 7 Propositional Logic 315
A Logical Operators and Translations 316
Simple and Compound Statements 316
Negation 318
Conjunction 318
Disjunction 318
Conditional 320
Distinguishing "If from "Only If" 320
Sufficient and Necessary Conditions 321
Biconditional 322
Summary of Operators and Ordinary Language 323
Exercises 7A 323
B Compound Statements 327
Well-Formed Formulas 327
Exercises 7B.1 328
Main Operator 329
Exercises 7B.2 331
Translations and the Main Operator 331
Exercises 7B.3 332
C Truth Functions 336
Defining the Five Logical Operators 336
Negation 337
Conjunction 338
Disjunction 339
Conditional 339
Biconditional 340
Exercises 7C.1 341
Operator Truth Tables and Ordinary Language 343
Propositions with Assigned Truth Values 346
Exercises 7C.2 348
D Truth Tables for Propositions 349
Arranging the Truth Values 349
The Order of Operations 350
Exercises 7D 353
E Contingent and Noncontingent Statements 354
Tautology 354
Self-Contradiction 355
Exercises 7E 356
F Logical Equivalence and Contradictory, Consistent, and Inconsistent Statements 356
Logical Equivalence 356
Exercises 7F.1 358
Contradictory, Consistent, and Inconsistent Statements 358
Exercises 7F.2 361
G Truth Tables for Arguments 362
Validity 363
Analyzing Sufficient and Necessary Conditions in Arguments 364
Technical Validity 366
Exercises 7G.1 367
Argument Forms 370
Exercises 7G.2 373
H Indirect Truth Tables 375
Thinking Through an Argument 375
A Shorter Truth Table 376
Exercises 7H.1 380
Using Indirect Truth Tables to Examine Statements for Consistency 383
Exercises 7H.2 385
Summary 385
Key Terms 387
Logic Challenge: A Card Problem 388
Chapter 8 Natural Deduction 389
A Natural Deduction 390
B Implication Rules I 392
Modus Ponens (MP) 392
Modus Tollens (MT) 394
Hypothetical Syllogism (HS) 395
Disjunctive Syllogism (DS) 396
Justification: Applying the Rules of Inference 396
Exercises 8B 398
C Tactics and Strategy 404
Applying the First Four Implication Rules 405
Exercises 8C 407
D Implication Rules II 410
Simplification (Simp) 410
Conjunction (Conj) 411
Addition (Add) 412
Constructive Dilemma (CD) 413
Applying the Second Four Implication Rules 414
Exercises 8D 415
E Replacement Rules 1 422
De Morgan (DM) 422
Double Negation (DN) 424
Commutation (Com) 425
Association (Assoc) 426
Distribution (Dist) 428
Applying the First Five Replacement Rules 429
Exercises 8E 431
F Replacement Rules II 437
Transposition (Trans) 437
Material Implication (Impl) 437
Material Equivalence (Equiv) 438
Exportation (Exp) 439
Tautology (Taut) 440
Applying the Second Five Replacement Rules 441
Exercises 8F 443
G Conditional Proof 451
Exercises 8G 457
H Indirect Proof 460
Exercises 8H 462
I Proving Logical Truths 466
Exercises 8I 468
Summary 469
Key Terms 470
Logic Challenge: The Truth 471
Chapter 9 Predicate Logic 472
A Translating Ordinary Language 473
Singular Statements 474
Universal Statements 475
Particular Statements 476
Paying Attention to Meaning 477
Exercises 9A 479
B Four New Rules of Inference 481
Universal Instantiation (UI) 481
Universal Generalization (UG) 483
Existential Generalization (EG) 484
Existential Instantiation (EI) 485
Summary of the Four Rules 486
Tactics and Strategy 487
Exercises 9B 488
C Change of Quantifier (CQ) 492
Exercises 9C 494
D Conditional and Indirect Proof 496
Conditional Proof (CP) 496
Indirect Proof (IP) 498
Exercises 9D 499
E Demonstrating Invalidity 501
Counterexample Method 501
Finite Universe Method 503
Indirect Truth Tables 504
Exercises 9E 506
F Relational Predicates 508
Translations 508
Exercises 9F.1 511
Proofs 512
A New Restriction 513
Change of Quantifier 514
Conditional Proof and Indirect Proof 515
Exercises 9F.2 515
G Identity 517
Simple Identity Statements 517
"Only" 518
"The Only" 518
"No … Except" 519
"All Except" 519
Superlatives 520
"At Most" 520
"At Least" 521
"Exactly" 521
Definite Descriptions 522
Summary of Identity Translations 524
Exercises 9G.1 524
Proofs 525
Exercises 9G.2 527
Summary 530
Key Terms 531
Logic Challenge: Your Name and Age, Please 532
Instructors interested in providing students with an opportunity for further analysis can refer them to Online Chapter 15, available at oup.com/he/baronett5e.
online Chapter 15 Analyzing a Long Essay
A Childbed Fever
B Vienna
Exercises 15B
C Miasm and Contagion
Exercises 15C
D Semmelweis's Account of the Discovery
Exercises 15D
E Initial Questions
Exercises 15E
F A New Interpretation
Exercises 15F
Summary
Bibliography
Appendix A Cognitive Bias 693
Heuristics 693
Heuristics and Algorithms 695
The Link Between Heuristics and Cognitive Biases 697
Theories of Judgment 698
Cognitive Biases 699
1 Belief Bias 699
2 Confirmation Bias 700
3 Status Quo Bias 701
4 Availability Bias 701
5 Halo Bias 702
6 Functional Fixedness Bias 703
7 Anchoring Bias 703
8 Gambling Biases 704
9 Frequency Bias 705
10 Ingroup Bias 705
11 Fundamental Attribution Bias 706
Can We Overcome Cognitive Biases? 707
Appendix B The LSAT and Logical Reasoning 708
Introduction 708
1 Logical Reasoning 709
2 Deductive and Inductive Arguments 710
4 Identifying Conclusions and Premises 712
A Identifying the Conclusion 712
B Choosing the Best Missing Conclusion 714
C Assumptions: Choosing the Best Missing Premise 715
4 Additional Information that Strengthens or Weakens an Argument 718
5 Arguments that Use Either Analogical, Statistical, or Causal Reasoning 720
A Analogical Reasoning 720
B Statistical Reasoning 722
C Causal Reasoning 724
6 Explaining or Resolving Given Information 726
7 Argument Flaws 727
A Fallacies Based on Personal Attacks or Emotional Appeals 727
B Weak Inductive Argument Fallacies 728
C Fallacies of Unwarranted Assumption or Diversion 730
8 Recognizing Reasoning Patterns 731
A Class Terms 731
B Conditional Statements 732
C Translating Conditional Statements 733
D Distinguishing "If" from "Only If" 734
E Conditionals and Arguments 734
F Sufficient and Necessary Conditions 736
9 Continuing the Process 739
Glossary 740
Answers to Selected Exercises 748
Index 792