Manual of Mineral Science / Edition 23 available in Hardcover
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Overview
Readable, User-friendly, and Searchable: Now organized into 22 chapters, the 23rd edition of the Manual of Mineral Science, packages coherent subject matter into smaller, more easily accessible units. Each of the 22 chapters has a new and expanded introductory statement, which gives the user a quick overview of what is to come. This feature is preceded by a new illustration that highlights some aspect of the subject in that particular chapter. Additionally, many of the first 14 chapters are independent of each other, allowing for greater flexibility in an instructor's preferred subject sequence.
Expanded CD-ROM: The accompanying Mineralogy Tutorial CD-ROM (3.0) has been expanded to include new sections on "graphical representation of mineral chemistry" and "twinning." These additions compliment the already robust CD-ROM, which includes a large number of animations that deal with three-dimensional concepts (in crystal chemistry and crystallography) that are difficult to visualize from a book illustration, aswell as brief text pages for 104 of the most common minerals, with links to crystal structure illustrations, compositional and assemblage diagrams, stability and phase diagrams, and solid solution mechanisms.
Digital Images for Classroom Presentation: PowerPoint images, organized by chapter, are now available to enhance classroom presentation. Available on the instructor's companion site, the PowerPoints include: 160 scientific illustrations, 72 color photographs of minerals in Plates I through VIII, 23 new color specimen photos, and gemstones from Plates IX through XII. Additionally, all black and white figures from the textbook are available in digital form in the online Image Gallery. The 23rd edition also offers a complete online glossary. Updated Visuals: The majority of illustrations in this edition were re-rendered and/or redesigned and many new photographs, mainly of mineral specimens, have been added.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 2900471721573 |
---|---|
Publication date: | 02/20/2007 |
Pages: | 704 |
Product dimensions: | 8.78(w) x 11.06(h) x 1.14(d) |
About the Author
James D. Dana (1813 - 1895) graduated from Yale University in 1833. He joined a U.S. exploring expedition to the South Seas (1838 - 42), acting as a geologist and zoologist. His contributions to the American Journal of Science stimulated U.S. geologic inquiry. His research into the formation of the Earth's continents and oceans led him to believe in the progressive evolution of the Earth's physical features over time. By the end of his life he also came to accept the evolution of living things, as articulated by Charles Darwin. During his lifetime, and largely under his leadership, U.S. geology grew from a collection and classification of unrelated facts into a mature science.
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
What is a Mineral? 2
Defining a Mineral More Broadly 3
Where Do We Find Minerals and What Can We Learn? 3
Minerals as Integral to Earth Science 4
Mineralogy as Important to Other Fields 7
Disciplines of Mineral Science 9
History of Mineralogy 10
Minerals in Our Lives 15
Naming of Minerals 16
References and Literature of Mineralogy 16
What's to Come 17
Standard Mineralogical Reference Works and Further Reading 17
Physical Properties of Minerals 19
Crystal Shape 20
Properties Based on Interaction with Light 23
Luster 23
Color 24
Streak 24
Play of Colors 24
Chatoyancy and Asterism 26
Luminescence 26
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 26
Mechanical Properties 28
Cleavage 28
Parting 29
Fracture 29
Hardness 30
Tenacity 31
Properties Related to Mass 32
Density and Specific Gravity 32
Factors That Affect Density and Specific Gravity 32
Average Specific Gravity 33
Measurement of Specific Gravity 33
Other Diagnostic Properties 34
Magnetism 34
Radioactivity 34
Solubility in Acids 34
Other Sensory Tests 35
Electrical Properties (of Industrial Use) 35
Piezoelectricity 35
Pyroelectricity 36
References and Further Reading 36
Elements of Crystal Chemistry 37
The Atom 37
Electron Configuration 38
Chemical Elements, Electronic Configuration, and the Periodic Table 46
Atomic and Ionic Radii 46
The Ion 51
Bonding Forces in Crystals 53
Bonds with Valence Electrons 53
Ionic Bond 53
Metallic Bond 56
Covalent Bond 58
Estimation of the Character of the Bonding Mechanism 59
Electronegativity 59
Bonds That Do Not Involve Valence Electrons 62
Van der Waals Bond 62
Hydrogen Bond 63
Crystals with More Than One Bond Type 64
References and Further Reading 64
Aspects of Crystal Structures 66
Coordination of Ions 66
Pauling's Rules 68
The Coordination Principle 69
Other Coordination Geometries 73
Coordination of Common Cations 73
The Electrostatic Valency Principle 74
Uniform Bond Strength 75
Nonuniform Bond Strength 75
Sharing of Polyhedral Elements, 1 76
Sharing of Polyhedral Elements, 2 76
The Principle of Parsimony 76
Additional Controls on Mineral Structures 78
Isostructuralism 79
Polymorphism 79
Illustration of Crystal Structures 80
Examples of Selected Common Structure Types 83
NaCl Structure 84
CsCl Structure 84
Sphalerite (ZnS) Structure 85
CaF[subscript 2] Structure 85
Rutile (TiO[subscript 2]) Structure 86
Perovskite(ABO[subscript 3]) Structure 86
Spinel (AB[subscript 2]O[subscript 4]) Structure 87
Silicate Structures 89
References and Further Reading 89
Chemical Composition of Minerals 90
Composition of the Earth 90
Composition of the Earth's Crust 91
Composition of the Mantle 93
Composition of the Core 95
Composition of the Earth 95
Variability of Mineral Compositions 96
Substitutional Solid Solution 97
Coupled Substitution 98
Interstitial Solid Solution 98
Omission Solid Solution 99
Determination of a Mineral Formula 99
Calculation of Mineral Formulae from Metal Percentages 100
Mineral Formulae from Oxide Weight Percentages 101
Mineral Formulae for Hydrous Silicates 103
Graphical Representation of Mineral Composition 104
Linear or Bar Diagrams 104
Triangular Diagrams 105
Triangular Representation of More Than Three Components 106
References and Further Reading 108
Crystallography: External Symmetry of Minerals 109
Symmetry 111
Symmetry Elements (Without Translation) 114
Rotation 114
Reflection (Mirror) 117
Center of Symmetry 118
Rotation with Inversion 118
Symmetry Notation 120
Combinations of Rotations 121
Combinations of Rotation Axes and Mirrors 123
Combinations of Symmetry Operations Without Translation 125
Crystal Systems 129
Crystallographic Axes 129
Crystallographic Notation for Planes 131
Face Intercepts 131
Miller Indices 133
Zones 134
Crystal Form 134
Names of Forms 137
Illustration and Description of Forms 138
References and Further Reading 142
Bilateral Symmetry in Humans and Architecture 112
Internal Order and Symmetry In Minerals 143
Translation Directions and Distances 144
One-Dimensional Order-Rows 145
Two-Dimensional Order-Plane Lattices 146
Rotation Angle Restrictions 150
Symmetry Content of Planar Motifs 152
Symmetry Content of Plane Lattices 153
Two-Dimensional Plane Groups 154
Three-Dimensional Order 156
Three-Dimensional Lattices 156
Symmetry Elements in 3D that Involve Translation: Screw Axes and Glide Planes 164
Space Groups 165
References and Further Reading 168
Patterns in Our Environment 151
Periodic Drawings 158
Crystal Projections 169
Spherical Projection 170
Stereographic Projection 172
Stereographic Net and the Mechanics of Plotting 174
Measuring Crystal Angles 175
Projection of an Orthorhombic Crystal 177
Projection of a Monoclinic Crystal 179
References and Further Reading 181
Selected Point Groups and Further Aspects of Space Groups 182
Nineteen of the Thirty-Two Point Groups 183
Triclinic System 185
Monoclinic System 186
Orthorhombic System 187
Tetragonal System 191
Hexagonal System 194
Isometric System 200
Characteristics of Isometric Crystals 207
Representations of Some Space Groups 208
Space Group Derivation 208
Illustrations of Space Groups 208
References and Further Reading 216
Crystal Growth and Defects; Twinning, Color, and Magnetism 217
Crystal Growth 218
Vectorial Properties 220
Structural Complexities and Defects 222
Point Defects 222
Line Defects 223
Planar Defects 223
Other Defects 225
Mineralogic Examples of Defect Structures 225
Intergrowths of Crystals 226
Twinning 227
Twin Classification 228
Common Twin Laws 231
Triclinic System 231
Monoclinic System 231
Orthorhombic System 232
Tetragonal System 232
Hexagonal System 232
Isometric System 233
Origin of Color 234
Crystal Field Transitions 235
Molecular Orbital Transitions 239
Color Centers 239
Physical Processes as a Cause of Color 240
Origin of Magnetic Properties 241
Mineraloids (Noncrystalline Minerals) 243
References and Further Reading 244
Mineral Stability and Phase Diagrams 245
Stability, Activation Energy, and Equilibrium 245
Introductory Thermodynamics 246
Phase Diagrams 249
Components 250
Examples of Mineral Stability (Phase) Diagrams 250
One-Component Diagrams 250
Two-Component Diagrams 253
Three- or More-Component Diagrams 256
Diagrams for Mineral Reactions Involving H[subscript 2]O or CO[superscript 2] 262
Eh-pH Diagrams 263
References and Further Reading 265
Post-Crystallization Processes in Minerals 266
Polymorphic Reactions 267
Reconstructive Polymorphism 269
Displacive Polymorphism 271
Order-Disorder Polymorphism 272
Polytypism 274
Secondary Twinning 275
Exsolution 276
Radioactivity and Metamictization 282
Metamict Minerals 282
Pseudomorphism 284
References and Further Reading 285
Optical Microscopy 287
Nature of Light 288
Reflection and Refraction 289
Refractive Index and Snell's Law 289
Total Reflection and the Critical Angle 290
Isotropic and Anisotropic Crystals 290
Polarized Light 291
Polarized Light by Absorption 291
Polarized Light by Reflection 291
The Polarizing Microscope 291
Microscopic Examination of Minerals and Rocks 293
Isotropic Crystals and the Becke Line 293
Uniaxial Crystals 294
Uniaxial Crystals Between Crossed Polars 295
Extinction 295
Interference 296
Accessory Plates 297
Uniaxial Crystals in Convergent Polarized Light 297
Determination of Optic Sign 298
Sign of Elongation 299
Absorption and Dichroism 299
Biaxial Crystals 300
The Biaxial Indicatrix 300
Optical Orientation in Biaxial Crystals 301
Biaxial Crystals in Convergent Polarized Light 302
The Apparent Optic Angle 302
Determination of Optic Sign of Biaxial Crystals 303
Absorption and Pleochroism 304
Other Properties 304
Optical Properties of Opaque Minerals 304
References and Further Reading 306
Analytical and Imaging Methods in Mineral Science 307
Technique Overview 308
Techniques That Use X-rays 308
X-ray Diffraction Techniques (XRD) 308
X-ray Spectra 308
Diffraction Effects and the Bragg Equation 311
Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction and Structure Analysis 313
The Determination of Crystal Structures 314
X-ray Powder Diffraction and Mineral Identification 317
X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF) 321
Electron Beam Techniques 323
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 323
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 324
Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA) 326
Additional Techniques 328
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 328
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 329
References and Further Reading 330
Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Native Elements, Sulfides, and Sulfosalts 331
Mineral Classification 332
Crystal Chemistry of Native Elements, Sulfides, and Sulfosalts 333
Native Elements 333
Native Metals 333
Native Semimetals 335
Native Nonmetals 335
Sulfides 337
Sulfosalts 340
Systematic Descriptions 341
Native Metals 341
Native Nonmetals 345
Sulfides, Sulfarsenides, and Arsenides 351
Sulfosalts 366
References and Further Reading 367
Economic Geology 338
Diamond Synthesis 348
Veins and Vein Mineralization 352
Sulfide Minerals as Ores and as Mining-Related Contaminants 354
Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides 368
Crystal Chemistry of Oxides 368
Crystal Chemistry of Hydroxides 373
Crystal Chemistry of Halides 374
Systematic Descriptions 375
Oxides 375
Hydroxides 390
Halides 393
References and Further Reading 398
Ore Minerals for the Steel Industry 380
Evaporite Minerals 394
Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Carbonates, Nitrates, Borates, Sulfates, Chromates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates 399
Crystal Chemistry of Carbonates 400
Calcite Group 401
Aragonite Group 401
Dolomite Group 402
Crystal Chemistry of Nitrates 403
Crystal Chemistry of Borates 403
Crystal Chemistry of Sulfates 403
Crystal Chemistry of Tungstates and Molybdates 405
Crystal Chemistry of Phosphates, Arsenaes, and Vanadates 406
Systematic Descriptions 407
Carbonates 407
Nitrates 416
Borates 416
Sulfates and Chromates 420
Tungstates and Molybdates 425
Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates 427
References and Further Reading 433
The Source of Chemicals in Fertilizers 429
Crystal Chemistry of Rock-Forming Silicates 434
Nesosilicates 438
Sorosilicates 441
Cyclosilicates 442
Inosilicates 446
Pyroxene Group 447
Pyroxenoid Group 451
Amphibole Group 452
Phyllosilicates 456
Tectosilicates 467
SiO[subscript 2] Group 468
Feldspar Group 470
Structure 471
Composition 474
Feldspathoid Group 477
Zeolite Group 477
References and Further Reading 482
Systematic Descriptions of Rock-Forming Silicates 483
Nesosilicates 484
Phenacite Group 484
Olivine Group 484
Garnet Group 487
Al[subscript 2]SiO[subscript 2] Group 491
Humite Group 495
Sorosilicates 498
Epidote Group 499
Cyclosilicates 502
Inosilicates 505
Pyroxene Group 505
Pyroxenoid Group 511
Amphibole Group 514
Phyllosilicates 519
Serpentine Group 519
Clay Mineral Group 521
Mica Group 525
Chlorite Group 531
Related Species 532
Tectosilicates 534
SiO[subscript 2] Group 534
Feldspar Group 539
K-Feldspars 539
Feldspathoid Group 544
Scapolite Series 547
Zeolite Group 549
References and Further Reading 552
The Two Most Common Crustal Rock Types: Basalt and Granite 507
Asbestos: A Mixture and Mix-Up of Minerals 516
Clay Minerals and Some of Their Applications 523
Mineral Dust in the Environment 537
Minerals in Pegmatites 542
Zeolites and Their Many Unique Properties 550
Gem Minerals 554
Gem Minerals 555
Gem Qualifications 555
Types of Gem Cuts 556
The Early Uses of Gems 556
Important Gems-Past and Present 557
Diamond 557
Beryl 558
Ruby and Sapphire 559
Opal 559
Jade 560
Chrysoberyl 560
Topaz 560
Tourmaline 561
Quartz 561
Turquoise 561
Garnet 561
Zircon 562
Olivine 562
Gem Properties and Instruments for Their Determination 562
Physical Properties 562
Cleavage and Fracture 562
Hardness 562
Specific Gravity 562
Fluorescence 563
Instruments for Studying Gems 563
Observation 563
Hand Lens 563
The Microscope 563
The Polariscope 564
Refractive Index and the Refractometer 564
Dispersion 566
The Dichroscope 566
Color Filters 567
The Spectroscope 567
X-ray Diffraction 568
Synthesis of Gem Materials 568
Verneuil Process 568
Czochralski Process 568
Flux Growth 568
Hydrothermal Growth 568
Treatment of Gemstones 569
Dyeing 569
Heat Treatment 569
Irradiation 569
Synthetic and Treated Gems 569
Beryl 569
Chrysoberyl 570
Corundum (Ruby and Sapphire) 570
Diamond 570
Jade 570
Opal 571
Quartz 571
Rutile 572
Spinel 572
Turquoise 572
Manufactured Gem Materials Without Natural Counterparts 572
Garnet 572
Strontium Titanate 572
Cubic Zirconia 573
References and Further Reading 573
Mineral Assemblages: Introduction to Rock Types 574
Igneous Rocks 575
General Occurrence and Texture 576
Chemical Composition 576
Classification 578
Mineralogical Composition 580
Plutonic Rocks 580
Volcanic Rocks 583
Fragmental Igneous Rocks 585
Pegmatites 585
Sedimentary Rocks 585
Chemical Composition 586
Mineralogical Composition 586
Classification 588
Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks 585
Allochemical Carbonate Rocks 590
Orthochemical Sedimentary Rocks 593
Further Description of Rock Types 594
Metamorphic Rocks 596
Chemical Composition 597
Mineralogical Composition 597
Rock Types 602
References and Further Reading 603
Determinative Tables 604
General Classification of the Tables 605
Luster-Metallic or Submetallic 605
Luster-Nonmetallic 605
Minerals Arranged by Several Physical Properties 606
Minerals Arranged According to Increasing Specific Gravity 635
Nonopaque Minerals and Some Synthetic Compounds Arranged According to Increasing Refractive index 637
Outstanding Contributions to the Mineral Sciences 639
Development of Models for the Atom 642
Distribution of Forms in 32 Point Groups, Arranged by Crystal System 646
Space Groups as an Expression of Morphology and Structure 648
Mineral Index 653
Subject Index 667