Measurement Systems and Sensors / Edition 2

by Waldemar Nawrocki

Overview

This thoroughly updated and expanded second edition is an authoritative resource on industrial measurement systems and sensors, with particular attention given to temperature, stress, pressure, acceleration, and liquid flow sensors. This edition includes new and expanded chapters on wireless measuring systems and measurement control and diagnostics systems in cars. Moreover, the book introduces new, cost-effective measurement technology utilizing www servers and LAN computer networks - a topic not covered in any other resource. Coverage of updated wireless measurement systems and wireless GSM/LTE interfacing make this book unique, providing in-depth, practical knowledge. Professionals learn how to connect an instrument to a computer or tablet while reducing the time for collecting and processing measurement data. This hands-on reference presents digital temperature sensors, demonstrating how to design a monitoring system with multipoint measurements. From computer-based measuring systems, electrical thermometers and pressure sensors, to conditioners, crate measuring systems, and virtual instruments, this comprehensive title offers engineers the details they need for their Work in the field.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781608079322
Publisher:	Artech House, Incorporated
Publication date:	12/31/2015
Pages:	440
Product dimensions:	6.30(w) x 9.30(h) x 1.20(d)

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Computer-Based Measurement Systems 1

1.1 Configuration and Structure of Measurement Systems 1

1.2 Interface System 5

1.2.1 Interface System Meaning 5

1.2.2 Interface Bus 6

1.2.3 Interface Functions 7

1.3 Measurement Accuracy and Measurement System Dynamics 8

1.3.1 Accuracy of Measurement Systems 8

1.3.2 Measurement System Dynamics 10

1.4 Interface Protection 15

1.4.1 Interference in Measurement Instruments 15

1.4.2 Interference Induced in Transmission Line 20

Selected Bibliography 24

Chapter 2 Computers for Measurement Systems 25

2.1 Functions of Computer in Measurement Systems 25

2.2 Types of Computers for Measurement Systems 26

2.3 Computer Architecture 28

2.4 Universal Serial Bus 33

2.5 IEEE-1394 Serial Bus 40

Selected Bibliography 43

Chapter 3 Temperature Sensors 45

3.1 International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) 45

3.2 Resistance Sensors 47

3.2.1 Platinum Sensors 47

3.2.2 Thermistors 50

3.3 Thermocouples 53

3.4 Semiconductor Temperature Sensors 58

References 64

Chapter 4 Stress, Pressure and Acceleration Sensors 65

4.1 Mechanical Stresses and Pressure 65

4.2 Resistance Strain Gauges 67

4.3 Capacitive Gauges 71

4.4 Piezoelectric Sensors 72

4.5 Semiconductor Pressure Sensors 73

4.6 Accelerometers and Gyroscopes 77

4.6.1 Accelerometers 78

4.6.2 Gyroscopes 81

References 85

Selected Bibliography 85

Chapter 5 Signal Conditioners 87

5.1 Voltage and Current Amplifiers 88

5.2 Voltage Conditioners 93

5.3 Conditioners for Temperature Sensors 95

5.4 Conditioners for Strain Gauges and Piezoelectric Sensors 98

5.5 Conditioners for Linear Position Sensors 99

References 101

Chapter 6 Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital Converters 103

6.1 Sampling and Quantizing 103

6.1.1 Sampling 103

6.1.2 Quantizing 106

6.2 Digital-to-Analog Converters 108

6.2.1 Parameters of Digital-to-Analog Converter 108

6.2.2 DACs with Resistor Dividers 110

6.2.3 DACs with PDM 115

6.2.4 Integrated DACs 117

6.2.5 Digital Controlled Potentiometers and Capacitors 119

6.3 Analog-to-Digital Converters 121

6.3.1 Analog-to-Digital Conversion Methods 121

6.3.2 Dual Slope Converters 122

6.3.3 Converters with Voltage-to-Frequency Conversion 127

6.3.4 A/D Converters with Successive Approximation Register 130

6.3.5 Flash Converters 132

6.3.6 Delta-Sigma A/D Converters 133

References 135

Selected Bibliography 135

Chapter 7 Measurement Systems with Serial Interface 137

7.1 Measurement Serial Interfaces - an Overview 137

7.2 RS-232 Serial Interface System 138

7.2.1 General Description 138

7.2.2 Transmission in the RS-232C Interface System 140

7.2.3 RS-232C Interface Bus 145

7.2.4 Current Loop in the RS-232C Interface System 148

7.2.5 Null Modem Measurement System with the RS-232C Interface 149

7.3 Programming of Measurement System with the RS-232C Interface 153

7.3.1 Programming of the Null Modem System 153

7.3.2 Scop View Program for the Metex Multimeter 154

7.3.3 Thermo Program for Temperature Measurements 158

7.4 Measurement System with the RS-232C Interface and Modem 163

7.4.1 Modem 163

7.4.2 System with the RS-232C Interface and Telephone Modem 167

7.4.3 Programs for Data Transmission Control in a Distributed Measurement System 170

7.5 Other Serial Interface Systems 174

7.5.1 RS-449 and RS-530 Serial Interface Systems 174

7.5.2 RS-449 and RS-530 Standards for Serial Interface Circuits 177

7.5.3 A comparison of RS serial interface standards 180

7.6 Smart Sensors Interfaces 183

7.6.1 Smart Sensors 183

7.6.2 PROFIBUS Interface System 184

7.6.3 MicroLAN Interface System 187

7.7 Power Line Communication for Measurements 190

7.7.1 General Description of PLC 190

7.7.2 Communication Protocols for PLC 193

7.7.3 Data Acquisition System for Electricity Meters 194

References 195

Chapter 8 Wireless Measurement Systems 197

8.1 Wireless Transmission of Measurement Data 197

8.2 Radiomodem-Based Measurements Systems 198

8.2.1 Radio Channels and Radiomodems 198

8.2.2 Radiomodems in Measurement Systems 201

8.2.3 Measurement Systems with Radio Transmission: GSM-Based Versus Radiomodem-Based 202

8.2 Bluetooth Radio Link 204

8.3.1 ISM Frequency Bands for Short Range Communication 204

8.3.2 Bluetooth Standard - Basics 205

8.3.3 Applications of Bluetooth for Measures 209

8.4 IEEE-802.15.4 (ZigBee) Radio Link 213

8.4.1 General Information 213

8.4.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Transmission Protocols and Frames 214

8.4.3 ZigBee Network Topology and Devices 216

8.5 Other Wireless Transmission Systems 220

8.5.1 IrDA Infrared Link 220

8.5.2 WiFi Technology for Measurement Systems 224

8.5.3 Short Distance Wireless Transmission Systems-Comparation 226

References 228

Chapter 9 Measurement Systems with GSM and LTE 231

9.1 Wireless Transmission of Measurement Data 231

9.2 Measurement Systems with GSM-Based Data Transmission 232

9.2.1 GSM Mobile Phone Network 232

9.2.2 GSM-Based Data Transmission 235

9.3 GSM-Based Distributed Measurement Systems 242

9.4 UMTS, UDPA and LTE Telecommunication Systems 248

9.4.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 248

9.4.2 HSPA and LTE 252

9.5 Mobile Stations 255

9.6 Positioning Systems 257

9.6.1 GPS Satellite Positioning System 257

9.6.2 GLONASS Positioning System 261

9.6.3 Galileo System and the Regional Positioning Systems: BeiDou, IRNSS and QZSS 263

9.6.4 Positioning System with UMTS 265

9.6.5 Applications of Positioning Systems 267

References 268

Selected Bibliography 268

Chapter 10 Measurement Systems withIEEE-488 Interface 269

10.1 IEEE-488 (IEC-625) Parallel Interface Standard 269

10.3.1 Parallel Interfaces 269

10.1.1 IEEE-488 Basic Specifications and Applications 270

10.1.2 Controller of IEEE-488 System 272

10.1.4 IEEE-488 Interface Bus and Cable 278

10.1.5 IEEE-488 Interface Functions 282

10.2 IEEE-488 Interface Messages and their Transfer 284

10.2.1 Interface Message Types 284

10.2.2 Remote Messages 286

10.2.3 Local Messages 290

10.2.4 Message Transfer in Handshake Mode 291

10.3 Enhancements in Measurement Systems with IEEE-488 interface 292

10.3.1 Enhancing Transfer Rates in Measurement Systems: HS488 Protocol 292

10.3.2 Increasing the Number of Devices in Measurement Systems 295

10.3.3 Distributed Measurement Systems with IEEE-488 Interface 297

10.4 IEEE-488 interface Function State Diagrams 301

10.4.1 Execution of Interface Functions 301

10.4.2 State Diagrams of Interface Functions 302

References 317

Chapter 11 Crate and Modular Measurement Systems 319

11.1 CAMAC System 319

11.1.1 Crate and Modular Measurement Systems - an Overview 319

11.1.2 Organization of the CAMAC System 320

11.1.3 CAMAC Dataway 321

11.2 VXI Measurement System 322

11.2.1 General Specification 322

11.2.2 VXI Buses 324

11.3 PXI modular Measurement System 327

11.3.1 General Specification 327

11.3.2 PXI Bus 328

11.3.3 PXI System Modules 329

11.3.4 PXI-Express for Measurement Systems 331

11.3.5 PXI Measurement System Configuration 333

11.4 IEEE-1284 Interfaces in Measurement Systems 333

11.4.1 Bus of IEEE-1284 and Data Transmission 333

11.4.2 Measuring Systems with IEEE-1284 335

References 337

Chapter 12 LAN-Based Measurement Systems 339

12.1 Introduction 339

12.2 Ethernet Hardware 340

12.3 Ethernet Transfer Protocol 344

12.4 Ethernet-Based Measurement Systems 348

12.4.1 Ethernet-Based Measurement Systems with LAN/IEEE-488 Converters 348

12.4.2 Measurement Systems with LAN Interface 350

12.5 Internet-Based Measurement Systems and Systems with Embedded Web Servers 353

References 357

Selected Bibliography 358

Chapter 13 DAQ Boards and Virtual Instruments 359

13.1 Computer DAQ Boards 359

13.1.1 Structure and Functions of a DAQ board 359

13.1.2 DAQ Board Specifications 361

13.1.3 Selected DAQ Board Model Specifications 363

13.2 Virtual Instruments 367

13.3 Programming of Measurement Systems and Virtual Instruments 379

13.3.1 Software Development in the LabVIEW Environment 370

13.3.2 Programming of LAN-based and Internet-Based Measurement Systems 372

13.3.3 Software Development in the TestPoint 375

References 376

Chapter 14 Measurement, Control and Diagnostic Systems in Vehicles 377

14.1 Electronics in Vehilcles 377

14.2 Data Transfer Systems 381

14.2.1 Data Transfer Buses - Classification 381

14.2.2 CAN Bus System 382

14.2.3 FlexRay Transfer System 388

14.2.4 Media Oriented Systems Transport 395

14.3 Diagnostics 403

14.4 Sensors for Vehicles 406

Selected Bibligraphy 410

Acronomys and Abbreviations 411

About the Author 415

Index 417