Table of Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiological Modeling in Medicine: A Survey of Existing Methods, Approaches, and Trends 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 The Art of Modeling and Prediction 2
1.3 Why Model? 3
1.4 Multivariate Models and Model Complexity 6
1.5 Clinical Informatics and Meaningful Use 8
1.6 Types of Models 9
1.7 Stochastic Modeling and Monte Carlo Simulation 12
1.8 Guidelines and Protocols 14
1.9 Summary 16
References 17
Chapter 2 Simulation and Modeling Techniques 19
2.1 Simulating Physical Systems 19
2.2 Introduction to Monte Carlo Simulation 20
2.3 Introduction to Discrete Event Simulation 30
2.4 Queuing and Discrete Event Simulation Models 32
2.5 Deterministic Mathematical Models 39
2.6 Probability and Statistics 39
2.6.1 Binomial Probability Distribution 40
2.6.2 Gaussian Probability Distribution 42
2.6.3 Exponential Distribution 48
2.6.4 Poisson Distribution 49
2.6.5 Confidence Intervals 51
2.7 Sensitivity, Specificity and Confidence Intervals 55
2.8 Chi-Square Tests 58
2.9 The Concept of χ2 and the Assignment Problem 62
2.10 Other Applications of Optimal Assignment Methodologies 65
2.11 Noise and Error Representation 68
2.11.1 Special Case: Gauss-Markov Random Processes 75
2.12 Queuing Theory Deep Dive and Examples 77
2.13 Summary 81
References 83
Chapter 3 Introduction to Automatic Control Systems Theory and Applications 85
3.1 State Space Modeling 85
3.2 Controllability and Observability 99
3.3 The Feedback Control Loop 105
3.4 System Stability 109
3.5 Techniques for Representing Physical Phenomena 113
References 117
Chapter 4 Physical System Modeling and State Representation 119
4.1 Fluid Mechanics Applications 119
4.2 Electrical Signal and Circuit Analogs to Physical Systems 132
4.3 Simplified Physiological Systems Modeling 136
References 139
Chapter 5 Medical Device Data Measurement, Interoperability, Interfacing, and Analysis 141
5.1 Types of Medical Devices Used for Physiological Measurement 141
5.2 Medical Device Interfaces, Standards, and Interoperability Initiatives 144
5.3 Medical Device Data Collection, Validation, and Clinical Use 145
5.4 Biomedical Device Interoperability and the Electronic Medical Record 147
5.5 Associating Biomedical Device Data with Patients 149
5.6 Spatial-Temporal Modeling of Medical Device Data 149
5.7 Biomedical Data Storage and Retrieval 155
5.8 Applying Wavelet Transforms to Biomedical Device Data 161
5.9 Summary 163
References 165
Chapter 6 Systems Modeling Example Applications 167
6.1 Modeling to Assist Diagnosis and Treatment 167
6.2 Clinical Workflow and Decision Support 168
6.3 Systems Modeling and Integration 173
6.4 Integrating Clinical Decision Support Systems Within Clinical Information Systems 178
6.5 Summary 181
References 182
Chapter 7 Modeling Benefits, Cautions, and Future Work 185
References 187
Appendix A 189
A.1 Monte Carlo Simulation: Computing π 189
Reference 193
Appendix B 195
B.1 Monte Carlo Simulation: Stereo Viewing Covariance Model 195
Appendix C 211
C.1 Optimal Assignment Algorithm 211
Appendix D 219
D.1 Simple Discrete Event Model 219
Reference 227
Appendix E 229
E.1 Gaussian Random Number Generation 229
Reference 232
Appendix F 233
F.1 Poisson and Exponentially Distributed Random Numbers 233
Appendix G 237
G.1 Java Applet Plotter 237
G.1.1 Method Overview 237
G.1.2 Creating the Active X Data Object (ADO) 237
G.1.3 Applet Design 241
G.1.4 Design of the Active Server Page 246
G.1.5 Setting Up a Virtual Directory 253
References 258
Appendix H 259
H.1 Kalman Filter 259
Appendix I 283
I.1 Line Plotter 283
Appendix J 307
J.1 Control Systems Modeling: Spring Mass Response to Step Function 307
List of Acronyms 327
Bibliography 331
About the Author 335
Index 337
