Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Formation of metallic glasses and their general physical properties 1 1.1 Formation of metallic glasses 1 1.2 General physical properties 7 References 10 Chapter 2 Glass-transition process 19 2.1 Crystal nucleation controlled mechanism 19 2.2 Crystal growth controlled mechanism 41 2.3 Extrinsic factors influencing glass-forming ability 44 2.4 Effect of flux treatment 47 References 50 Chapter 3 Structure 68 3.1 Structure of liquids and glasses 68 3.2 Thermal expansion detected by X-ray diffraction 82 3.3 Structural changes on glass formation from the liquid state 82 3.4 Structural changes on mechanical loading 91 3.5 Pressure effects, polyamorphism 93 References 93 Chapter 4 Structural changes on heating 108 4.1 Structural relaxation and rejuvenation 109 4.2 Phase separation 112 4.2.1 Phase separation on cooling liquids 113 4.2.2 Phase separation on heating metallic glasses 115 4.3 Dissolution of a metastable crystalline phase in a supercooled liquid 117 4.4 Crystallization of glassy alloys. 118 4.4.1 General features. 118 4.4.2 Nanocrystallization. 132 4.4.3 Crystallization of metallic glasses above and below Tg 142 4.4.4 Formation of in-situ glassy-nanocomposites upon rapid solidification 147 4.4.5 Crystallization upon deformation 150 4.4.6 Formation of quasicrystals upon devitrification 152 4.4.7 Formation of nanoscale quasicrystals 155 4.4.8 Crystallization of the amorphous alloys containing pre-existing nuclei and nanoparticles 163 4.5 Peritectic like reactions involving glassy phase 167 References 168 Chapter 5 Mechanical properties and deformation behavior 187 5.1 Mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses and their deformation behavior at room temperature 188 5.1.1 Elastic properties 188 5.1.2 Mechanical strength, hardness and plasticity 191 5.1.3 Plastic deformation mechanism 199 5.1.4 Structural rejuvenation by deformation 215 5.1.5 Strain-rate sensitivity 216 5.1.6 Size effect and in-situ deformation studies 219 5.1.7 Fatigue, cyclic and long-term creep deformation in the elastic region. 221 5.1.8 Fracture toughness 227 5.1.9 Fracture mechanisms 227 5.1.10 Dynamic mechanical properties 228 5.1.11 Wear resistance 229 5.1.11.1 Macroscopic wear properties 229 5.1.11.2 Nano-scale and atomic-scale wear resistance 230 5.1.12 Bauschinger-type effect 233 5.2 Plastic flow of bulk metallic glasses on heating 234 5.3 Deformation of bulk metallic glasses at cryogenic temperature 237 5.4 Non-uniform materials with glassy phase 238 5.4.1 Porous glasses 238 5.4.2 Glassy-crystalline dual phase alloys 240 5.4.3 Mechanical properties of nanocomposite alloys 246 References 248 Chapter 6 Magnetic properties 277 6.1 Soft magnetic alloys 277 6.2 Hard magnetic alloys 284 6.3 The magnetocaloric effect 286 References 287 Chapter 7 Applications related to structural, functional, magnetic, chemical and biological properties 294 7.1 Structural and functional materials 294 7.2 Magnetic applications 300 7.2.1 Soft magnetic applications 300 7.2.2 Hard magnetic applications 302 7.3 Corrosion resistant alloys 302 7.4 Surface oxides for electronic devices 305 7.5 Cleaning water pollutions 306 7.6 Materials for medicine 308 7.7 Catalysts 311 7.8 Final remarks and future prospects 313 References 313 Keywords 321 About the author 326
