Table of Contents
List of Contributors xix
Preface xxvii
1 Mycobial Nanotechnology in Bioremediation of Wastewater 1
Vikanksha Thakur, Arun Kumar, and Jatinder Singh
1.1 Fungi 1
1.2 Nanotechnology Aspects 2
1.3 The Production of Nanoparticles Using an Origin of Fungi 2
1.4 Categories and Characteristics of Synthesized Nanoparticles 4
1.5 Various Usage of Nanomaterials 6
1.6 Mycobial Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Wastewater 7
1.7 Benefits of Mycobial Bioremediation 8
1.8 Constraints of Mycobial Bioremediation 9
1.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 9
References 9
2 Microbial Enzymes in Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants: Mechanisms and Applications 12
Bharati Lap, Ashim Debnath, Gourav Kumar Singh, Priyank Chaturvedi, Joy Kumar Dey, and Sajal Saha
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Conclusion 18
References 18
3 Microbe Assisted Remediation of Xenobiotics: A Sustainable Solution 20
Azha Ufaq Nabi, Faamiya Shajar, and Reiaz Ul Rehman
3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 Bioremediation 24
3.3 Environmental Factors 25
3.4 Ex Situ Bioremediation Strategies 27
3.5 Genetic Engineering Approaches 28
3.6 The Beneficial Role of Microbes in Degradation of Different Pollutants 29
3.7 Mechanism of Heavy Metal Detoxification by Microbes 30
3.8 Intracellular Sequestration 30
3.9 Extracellular Sequestration 30
3.10 Reduction of Heavy Metal Ions by Microbial Cell 31
3.11 The Degradation Mechanism of the Complex Dye Structure by Microbes 31
3.12 In Domestic and Agricultural Lignocellulose Wastes Remediation 33
3.13 Conclusion 34
References 34
4 Bioremediation Strategies as Sustainable Bio-Tools for Mitigation of Emerging Pollutants 42
Hamza Rafeeq, Zainab Riaz, Anum Shahzadi, Shazaf Gul, Fatima Idress, Sidra Ashraf, and Asim Hussain
4.1 Introduction 42
4.2 Bioremediation by Microbial Strains 43
4.3 Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation 44
4.4 Classification of Bioremediations 46
4.5 Bioremediation of Various Pollutants 50
4.6 Recent Advancement and Challenges in Bioremediation 53
4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages 57
4.8 Conclusion 58
4.9 Future Perspective 58
References 58
5 How Can Plant-microbe Interactions be used for the Bioremediation of Metals in Water Bodies? 65
Gabriela Petroceli-Mota, Emilane Pinheiro da Cruz Lima, Mariana Miranda de Abreu, Glacielen Ribeiro de Souza, Jussara Tamires de Souza Silva, Gabriel Quintanilha-Peixoto, Alessandro Coutinho Ramos, Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis, and Aline Chaves Intorne
5.1 Water Contamination Issues 65
5.2 Metal Contamination Effects 66
5.3 Metal Bioremediation 69
5.4 Aquatic Macrophytes in Metal Phytoremediation Processes 70
5.5 Microorganisms in Metal Remediation 72
5.6 Interaction Between Aquatic Macrophytes and Microorganisms 74
5.7 Conclusion 76
References 76
6 Extremophilic Microorganisms for Environmental Bioremediation 82
Nazim Hussain, Mehvish Mumtaz, Warda Perveez, and Hafsa
6.1 Introduction 82
6.2 Extremophiles 82
6.3 Extremophilic Microorganisms Under Extreme Conditions 83
6.4 Extremophiles Applications for Environmental Bioremediation 90
6.5 Bioremediation of Petroleum Product 92
6.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 99
References 99
7 Bacterial/Fungal Inoculants: Application as Bio Stimulants 108
V. Mamtha, Swati, K. Sowmiya, and Haralakal Keerthi Kumari
7.1 Introduction 108
7.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) 111
7.3 Conclusion 114
References 114
8 Microbial Inoculants and Their Potential Application in Bioremediation: Emphasis on Agrochemicals 118
Shriniketan Puranik, Kallinkal Sobha Sruthy, Menpadi Manoj, Konaghatta Vijayakumar Vikram, Praveen Karijadar, Sandeep Kumar Singh, and Livleen Shukla
8.1 Introduction 118
8.2 Pollution of Different Matrices by Agrochemicals 119
8.3 Different Strategies Employed in Bioremediation 122
8.4 Microbe-Mediated Bioremediation and Recent Advances 127
8.5 Novel Enzymes or Genes Involved in Bioremediation of Pollutants 131
8.6 Conclusion 135
References 135
9 Porous Nanomaterials for Enzyme Immobilization and Bioremediation Applications 146
Nazim Hussain, Areej Shahbaz, Hafiza Ayesha Malik, Farhana Ehsan, José Cleiton Sousa dos Santos, and Aldona Balčiūnaitė
9.1 Introduction 146
9.2 Enzyme Immobilization 147
9.3 Model Enzymes With Multifunctional Attributes 149
9.4 Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 150
9.5 Inorganic Materials as Support Matrices 150
9.6 Organic Materials as Support Matrices 152
9.7 Synthetic Polymers as Support Matrices 152
9.8 Nanomaterials as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 153
9.9 Porous Nanomaterials as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 154
9.10 Advantages of Enzyme Immobilization 154
9.11 Metal–Organic Frameworks as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 155
9.12 Bioremediation Applications of Enzyme Immobilized Porous Nanomaterials 156
9.13 Future Directions 156
9.14 Conclusion 157
References 157
10 Effects of Microbial Inoculants on Soil Nutrients and Microorganisms 162
D. Vijaysri, Konderu Niteesh Varma, Haralkal Keerthi Kumari, D. Sai Srinivas, S.T.M. Aravindharajan, Dilbag Singh, Livleen Shukla, T. Kavya, and Sandeep Kumar Singh
10.1 Introduction 162
10.2 Microbial Inoculants and Soil Nutrients 163
10.3 Influence of Microbial Inoculants on Soil Nutrient Quality 163
10.4 Impact of Microbial Inoculants on Natural Soil Microbial Communities 166
10.5 Microbial Inoculants: Mechanisms Involved in Affecting the Resident Microbial Community 166
10.6 Effect of Monoinoculation Versus Coinoculation 167
10.7 Conclusion 168
References 168
11 Bacterial Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters: Applications and Challenges 171
Christina Saran, Anuradha Devi, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando R. Ferreira, Sikandar I. Mulla, and Ram Naresh Bharagava
11.1 Introduction 171
11.2 Composition and Nature of Various Industrial Wastewater 172
11.3 Role of Bacteria in Biodegradation of Specific Pollutant Found in Wastewater 174
11.4 Different Approaches and Mechanism of Bacterial Bioremediation in Industrial Wastewater 177
11.5 Factors Influencing Bacterial Degradation Efficiency 182
11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 185
References 185
12 Sustainable Algal Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Applications and Challenges 190
Anuradha Devi, Christina Saran, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando R. Ferreira, Sikandar I. Mulla, and Ram Naresh Bharagava
12.1 Introduction 190
12.2 Characteristics and Composition of Industrial Wastewater (IWW) 191
12.3 Perks of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment (WWT) 193
12.4 Cultivation System for IWW Treatment 194
12.5 Algal Nutrient Uptake Mechanisms 195
12.6 Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents 198
12.7 Recovery of Valuable Nutrients 200
12.8 Future Directions and Research Frontiers 201
12.9 Conclusion 202
References 202
13 Immobilization of Microbial Inoculants for Improving Soil Nutrient Bioavailability 206
Swati, V. Mamtha, and Haralakal Keerthi Kumari
13.1 Introduction 206
13.2 History of Immobilization 207
13.3 Support Material Selection 207
13.4 Support Materials Used for Immobilization of Microbes 207
13.5 Conclusion 211
References 211
14 Insight Into the Factors Inhibiting the Anammox Process in Wastewater 213
Surbhi Sinha, Anamika Singh, and Rachana Singh
14.1 Introduction 213
14.2 Substrate Inhibition 214
14.3 Heavy Metals Inhibition 214
14.4 Organic Matter Inhibition 215
14.5 Salinity Inhibition 216
14.6 Microplastic Inhibition 216
14.7 Nanoparticle (NPs) Inhibition 217
14.8 Control Strategies 217
14.9 Conclusion and Prospects 220
References 220
15 Chitinolytic Microbes for Pest Management in Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Strategies 224
Vikram Poria, Sandeep Kumar, Babett Greff, Pawan Kumar, Prakriti Jhilta, Balkar Singh, and Surender Singh
15.1 Introduction 224
15.2 Alternatives to Agrochemicals in Organic Agriculture for Pest Management 225
15.3 Pest Management in Organic Agriculture Using Chitinolytic Microbial Agents 228
15.4 Challenges Associated With the Use of Chitinolytic Microorganisms 230
15.5 Strategies for Sustainable Use of Chitinolytic Microorganisms in Organic Agriculture 232
15.6 Conclusion and Prospects 233
Acknowledgments 233
References 234
16 Microbial Bioremediation of Metals and Radionuclides: Approaches and Advancements 242
Sobia Riaz, Muhammad Sohail, and Rashba Sahar
16.1 Introduction 242
16.2 Sources and Effects of Heavy Metals 243
16.3 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation 244
16.4 Approaches for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Through Microbial Processes: An Introduction 245
16.5 Approaches for the Bioremediation of Radionuclide 247
16.6 Novel Technologies in Bioremediation 249
16.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 250
References 251
17 Chapter Role of Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation: Current Perspectives 257
Sahaya Nadar and Tabassum Khan
17.1 Introduction 257
17.2 Formation of Biofilm 258
17.3 Microbes Forming Biofilm 259
17.4 Biofilms in Bioremediation 261
17.5 Emerging Opportunities 264
17.6 Challenges in Bioremediation Using Biofilms 266
17.7 Conclusions 266
References 267
18 Green Nanoparticles for Textile Wastewater Treatment: The Current Insights 277
Irfan Haidri, Aneeza Ishfaq, Muhammad Shahid, Tanvir Shahzad, Sabir Hussain, and Faisal Mahmood
18.1 Introduction 277
18.2 Sources and Composition of Textile Wastewater 278
18.3 Environmental Effects of Textile Wastewater 278
18.4 Nanotechnology in Environmental Pollution Remediation 278
18.5 Types of Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles Used in the Treatment of Textile Wastewater 279
18.6 Green Synthesis Methods 280
18.7 Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Different Process 283
18.8 Degradation of Dyes by Green Synthesized Nanoparticles 285
18.9 Removal Efficiency of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater 285
18.10 Toxicity and Safety Considerations for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater Using Green Synthesized Nanoparticles 286
18.11 Cost-effectiveness 287
18.12 Challenges and Limitations 287
18.13 Future Trends and Research Directions 288
18.14 Conclusion 288
References 288
19 Microbial Inoculants: Application in the Management of Metal Stress 293
Poulomi Ghosh and Saprativ P. Das
19.1 Introduction 293
19.2 Microbial Inoculants 293
19.3 Factors Influencing Microbial Inoculants’ Efficacy 295
19.4 Sources of Heavy Metals 298
19.5 Effects of Heavy Metals 300
19.6 Microbial Mechanisms of Metal Tolerance and Remediation 302
19.7 Other Remediation Approaches 304
19.8 Metal Remediation in Co-contaminated Soils 305
19.9 Concomitant Strategies for Metal Stress Management 306
19.10 Challenges, Impending Visions, and Conclusions 308
References 309
20 Harnessing In Silico Techniques for Bioremediation Solutions 312
Nischal Pradhan and Ajay Kumar
20.1 Introduction 312
20.2 Emergence of In Silico Approaches 313
20.3 Genome-Scale Models 314
20.4 Molecular Modeling 315
20.5 QSAR Models 316
20.6 Metabolic Modeling for Engineering Microbes 317
20.7 Development of In Silico Platforms for Bioremediation Research 318
20.8 Challenges and Limitations 318
20.9 Conclusion 319
References 319
21 Microbial Inoculants and Their Potential Application in Bioremediation 321
Ankita Agrawal, Jitesh Kumar Maharana, and Amiya Kumar Patel
21.1 Introduction 321
21.2 Overview of Bioremediation 322
21.3 Microbial Inoculants: Concept and Types 325
21.4 Mode of Action of Microbial Inoculants in Bioremediation 328
21.5 Applications of Microbial Inoculants 329
21.6 Process Optimization for Enhanced Bioremediation 330
21.7 Challenges and Future Prospects of Microbial Inoculants 331
21.8 Ecological Consequences 331
21.9 Assessment and Implementation of Microbial Inoculants 332
21.10 Case Studies and Success of Restoration Efforts 333
21.11 Conclusion 336
21.12 Future Perspectives 336
Acknowledgment 336
References 337
22 Microbial Inoculant Approaches for Disease Management 345
S.T.M. Aravindharajan, Sivaprakasam Navarasu, Velmurugan Shanmugam, S.S. Deepti Varsha, D. Vijaysri, Sandeep Kumar Singh, and Livleen Shukla
22.1 Introduction 345
22.2 Approaches of Various Microbial Inoculants for Controlling the Economically Important Disease 346
22.3 Central Role of Micro Organisms to Induced the Innate Immunity 351
22.4 Synthetic Microbial Communities in Plant Disease Management 355
22.5 Recent Trends of Biocontrol Agent 356
22.6 Conclusion 357
References 358
23 Impact of Microbial Inoculants on the Secondary Metabolites Production of Medicinal Plants 367
Haralakal Keerthi Kumari, D. Vijaysri, T. Chethan, Swati, and V. Mamtha
23.1 Introduction 367
23.2 Biosynthesis of Plant Secondary Phytochemicals and Their Classification 367
23.3 General Mechanism of Microbial Inoculants-Induced Production of Secondary Compounds 369
23.4 Determinants of Secondary Phytochemical Synthesis 370
23.5 Ideal Characteristics of Microbial Inoculants 370
23.6 Fungi 370
23.7 Mechanism of Fungal Elicitors 371
23.8 Advantages of Microbial Inoculants over Chemical Inoculants for Metabolite Production 374
23.9 Applications of Plant Secondary Metabolites 374
23.10 Conclusion 374
References 375
24 Bioremediation of High Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 378
Fahad S. Alotaibi, Abdullah Alrajhi, and Saif Alharbi
24.1 Introduction 378
24.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Sources, Pollution, and Exposure Routes 379
24.3 Biodegradation Pathways 380
24.4 Challenges and Future Directions 384
List of Abbreviations 385
References 385
25 Microbial Indicators for Monitoring Pollution and Bioremediation 390
Vijay Kumar, Ashok Chhetri, Joy Kumar Dey, and Ashim Debnath
25.1 Introduction 390
25.2 Biosensors for Microbial Remediation 393
References 394
26 PGPRs: Toward a Better Greener Future in Sustainable Agriculture 397
Soham Das, V.H.S. Vaishnavee, Anshika Dedha, Priya Yadav, Rahul Prasad Singh, and Ajay Kumar
26.1 Introduction 397
26.2 Brief Introduction of PGPRs 398
26.3 Role of PGPRs 398
26.4 Social and Economic Impact of PGPRs 404
26.5 Challenges, Future Perspectives and Conclusion 405
References 406
27 Role of MATE Transporters in Xenobiotics Tolerance 411
Arathi Radhakrishnan, Shakshi, Raj Nandini, Ajay Kumar, Raj Kishor Kapardar, and Rajpal Srivastav
27.1 Introduction 411
27.2 Degradation and Management of Xenobiotics 411
27.3 Role of MATE in Xenobiotics’ Extrusion and Metabolism 413
27.4 OMIC-Based Analysis for Xenobiotics Degradation and Metabolism 416
27.5 Conclusive Remarks 417
Acknowledgments 417
References 417
Index 421
