Table of Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Origins of Electronic Mixers 1
1.1 History of Radio Development 1
1.2 Single Ended Circuits 18
1.3 Singly Balanced Mixers 23
1.4 Doubly Balanced Star Circuit 29
1.5 Special Receiver Architectures 30
1.6 Harmonic Mixers 42
1.7 Self-Oscillating Balanced Mixers 44
1.8 Distributed Mixers 45
1.9 Summary 46
Chapter 2 System Parameters and Performance 49
2.1 System Overview 49
2.2 Digital Modulation 54
2.3 Error Performance 64
2.4 Receiver Architectures 68
2.5 Mixer Linearity 74
2.6 Noise 76
2.7 Noise and Distortion in Communication Subsystems 93
2.8 Dynamic Range 102
2.9 Summary 103
Chapter 3 Semiconductor Modeling 105
3.1 Modeling Schottky Diodes 105
3.2 Modeling Bipolar Transistors 109
3.3 Modeling Field Effect Transistors 121
3.4 Summary 151
Chapter 4 Passive and Active Coupling Structures 155
4.1 Balun Structure 155
4.2 Marchand Balun 164
4.3 Microstrip Baluns 169
4.4 Lumped Elements 187
4.5 Slotline Type 191
4.6 Active Approach 194
4.7 180° Hybrid Couplers (Magic-T) 203
4.8 Quadrature Hybrids 221
4.9 Summary 225
Appendix 4A Guanella 4:1 Transformer 230
Appendix 4B Compensated Balun 232
Appendix 4C Active 180° FET Power Divider 235
Appendix 4D Alternative 180° FET Power Divider 237
Appendix 4E Active 180° FET Combiner 239
Chapter 5 Diode Mixer Theory 241
5.1 History of Linear and Nonlinear Analysis 242
5.2 Linear Mixer Analysis 243
5.3 Frequency Conversion Matrix 247
5.4 Computer Simulation Example 276
5.5 Large Signal Conversion Analysis 289
5.6 Subharmonic Mixer 300
5.7 Balanced Diode Circuits 313
5.8 Mixer Circuit Synthesis 323
5.9 Summary 326
Appendix 5A Parasitic Losses in Diode Mixers 329
Appendix 5B Conversion Matrix Including Parasitics 333
Appendix 5C Image Imp. and RF-Image Conversion 340
Appendix 5D Saleh Exp. Diode Mixer Performance 341
Chapter 6 Diode Applications 345
6.1 Single Ended 345
6.2 Singly Balanced 353
6.3 Doubly Balanced 384
6.4 Triply Balanced 400
6.5 Quadrature Mixers 413
6.6 Subharmonic Mixers 416
6.7 Summary 424
Chapter 7 BJT Mixer Theory 431
7.1 Low Frequency Mixer 433
7.2 Conversion Matrix 441
7.3 Mixer Properties 449
7.4 Design Study: CDMA Down-Converter 453
7.5 Cascode Approach 457
7.6 Singly Balanced Mixer 461
7.7 Singly Balanced Subharmonic 473
7.8 Doubly Balanced Mixer 475
7.9 Design Study: WiFi 2.45 GHz Gilbert Mixer 490
7.10 Differential Triple Level 495
7.11 Doubly Balanced Subharmonic 500
7.12 Subharmonic Triple Level 504
7.13 Summary 508
Appendix 7A 2SC5006 Gummel Poon Parameters 511
Appendix 7B AT305 Spice Parameters 512
Chapter 8 Bipolar Junction Transistor Applications 513
8.1 Single Ended 513
8.2 Parallel Combined Mixers 517
8.3 Integrated Circuit Topologies 531
8.4 Doubly Balanced 543
8.5 Image Reject 572
8.6 Subharmonic Topologies 580
8.7 Summary 585
Chapter 9 FET Mixer Theory 589
9.1 Gate LO Injection 591
9.2 Source LO Injection 614
9.3 Drain LO Injection 616
9.4 Resistive Approach 624
9.5 Cascode Mixer 637
9.6 Singly Balanced 642
9.7 Doubly Balanced 659
9.8 Subharmonic Mixing 665
9.9 Distributed Mixers 669
9.10 Summary 674
Appendix 9A NE67300 Parameters 679
Appendix 9B Transistor NMOS 0.13 μm Tech. 685
Chapter 10 Passive FET Applications 687
10.1 Single Ended 687
10.2 Floating Approach 697
10.3 Singly Balanced 707
10.4 Doubly Balanced 725
10.5 Distributed GaAs Applications 751
10.6 Summary 753
Chapter 11 Active FET Applications 757
11.1 Single Ended 757
11.2 Singly Balanced 775
11.3 Doubly Balanced 791
11.4 Subharmonic Approach 814
11.5 Self-Oscillating FET Mixer 820
11.6 Distributed Applications 826
11.7 Summary 838
Appendix: Sampling Mixers 843
About the Authors 857
Index 859
