Mobile Antenna Systems Handbook 2nd Ed. / Edition 2

by K. Fujimoto, J. R. James, Kyohei Fujimoto

Overview

This is an extensively revised and updated new edition of the best-selling Mobile Antenna Systems Handbook. Comprehensive, authoritative and practical, it provides the information you need to understand the relationship between the elements involved in antenna systems design for mobile communications. You get sound advice in choosing the appropriate antenna for any given requirement including antennas for ITS, access to the latest modeling formulas for macro, micro and pico cell propagation, and guidance on the latest RF safety standards and measurement techniques.

Up-to-date information on adaptive base station and handset antenna design enables you to quickly achieve your design targets. From improved signal processing to more precise propagation methods, new sections provide you with cutting-edge design techniques that greatly increase system capacity and flexibility to deliver today's most sought-after mobile communication services. This detailed handbook contains over 470 illustrations and 190 equations.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781580530071
Publisher:	Artech House, Incorporated
Publication date:	01/31/2001
Series:	Antennas and Propagation Library Series
Edition description:	REV
Pages:	732
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.75(d)

About the Author

Kyohei Fujimoto is an emeritus professor at the University of Tsukuba, Japan. He has been concerned with mobile communications and antennas for mobile systems for more than 30 years. He specializes in small antennas and integrated antennas. He holds B.Eng. and Dr.Eng. in Electrical Engineering from Tokyo Institute of Technology.

J.R. James is an emeritus professor at the Royal Military College of Science, Cranfield University and consultant engineer. His recent research activity includes the analysis and design of high-frequency sensor systems in communication, radar and medicine. He holds a B.Sc. in mathematics, a Ph.D. in electromagnetics and a D.Sc. from London University and is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

Table of Contents

	Authorship by Chapter	xiii
	Preface to the Second Edition	xv
Chapter 1	Importance of Antennas in Mobile Communication Systems and Recent Trends	1
1.1	Introduction	1
1.2	Trends	8
1.2.1	Communications	11
1.2.2	Increasing Information Flow	12
1.2.3	Propagation Challenges	13
1.2.4	Maritime Systems	15
1.2.5	Aeronautical Systems	15
1.3	Modern Mobile Antenna Design	15
1.4	Objectives of This Book	19
	References	20
Chapter 2	Essential Techniques in Mobile Antenna Systems Design	23
2.1	Mobile Communication Systems	23
2.1.1	Technologies in Mobile Communications	23
2.1.2	Frequencies Used in Mobile Systems	29
2.1.3	System Design and Antennas	32
2.2	Fundamentals and Predictive Models in Land Mobile Propagation	34
2.2.1	Propagation Problems in Land Mobile Communications	34
2.2.2	Propagation Models and Field Strength	35
2.2.3	Formula for the Two-Wave Theory on a Flat Ground	36
2.2.4	Some Established Models	39
2.2.5	Effect of Manmade Structures	40
2.2.6	Multipath Fading Model	42
2.2.7	Maritime and Aeronautical Mobile Systems	48
2.3	Antenna Design	49
2.3.1	Requirements for Mobile Antennas	49
2.3.2	Diversity Techniques	55
2.4	Antenna Performance Evaluations in Mobile Environments	62
2.4.1	Theoretical Expression of Antenna Performance in the Mobile Environment	63
2.4.2	Statistical Distribution Model of Incident Waves	68
2.4.3	MEG Characteristics of Dipole Antennas	71
2.4.4	Correlation Characteristics of Polarization Diversity	79
	References	86
Chapter 3	Advances in Mobile Propagation Prediction Methods	89
3.1	Introduction	89
3.2	Macrocells	89
3.2.1	Definition of Parameters	91
3.2.2	Empirical Path Loss Models	92
3.2.3	Physical Models	99
3.2.4	Comparison of Models	110
3.2.5	Computerized Planning Tools	111
3.2.6	Conclusions	111
3.3	Microcells	112
3.3.1	Dual-Slope Empirical Models	113
3.3.2	Physical Models	114
3.3.3	Non-Line-of-Sight Models	119
3.3.4	Microcell Propagation Models: Discussion	125
3.3.5	Microcell Shadowing	126
3.3.6	Conclusions	127
3.4	Picocells	127
3.4.1	Empirical Models of Propagation Within Buildings	128
3.4.2	Empirical Models of Propagation Into Buildings	132
3.4.3	Physical Models of Indoor Propagation	135
3.4.4	Constitutive Parameters for Physical Models	138
3.4.5	Propagation in Picocells: Discussion	139
3.4.6	Multipath Effects	139
3.4.7	Conclusions	141
3.5	Megacells	141
3.5.1	Shadowing and Fast Fading	144
3.5.2	Local Shadowing Effects	145
3.5.3	Empirical Narrowband Models	146
3.5.4	Statistical Models	149
3.5.5	Physical-Statistical Models for Built-Up Areas	157
3.5.6	Wideband Models	163
3.5.7	Multisatellite Correlations	165
3.5.8	Overall Mobile-Satellite Channel Model	166
3.6	The Future	168
3.6.1	Intelligent Antennas	168
3.6.2	Multidimensional Channel Models	168
3.6.3	High-Resolution Data	169
3.6.4	Analytical Formulations	169
3.6.5	Physical-Statistical Channel Modeling	169
3.6.6	Real-Time Channel Predictions	170
3.6.7	Overall	170
	References	170
Chapter 4	Land Mobile Antenna Systems I: Basic Techniques and Applications	175
4.1	Antennas	175
4.2	Propagation Problems	178
4.3	Base Station Antenna Techniques	179
4.3.1	Antenna System Requirements	179
4.3.2	Types of Antennas	183
4.3.3	Design of Shaped-Beam Antennas	184
4.3.4	Diversity Antenna Systems	195
4.3.5	Intermodulation Problems in Antennas	200
4.4	Mobile Station Antenna Techniques	202
	References	204
Chapter 5	Advances in Base Station Antennas	207
5.1	Recent Base Station Antennas	207
5.1.1	Base Station Antennas for Cellular Systems	208
5.1.2	Antennas for Personal Handy Phone System	235
5.1.3	Adaptive Array Antenna for Wireless Local Loop	242
5.1.4	Antennas for N-STAR Systems	245
5.2	Digital Beamforming Antennas in Mobile Communications	252
5.2.1	What Do We Mean by "Digital Signal Processing Antennas"?	252
5.2.2	Basic Configuration of DBF Antennas	255
5.2.3	Analog-to-Digital Conversion	257
5.2.4	Element-Space and Beam-Space Beamforming	261
5.2.5	Adaptive Algorithm	262
5.2.6	Spatial Signal Processing Antennas	267
5.2.7	Space-Time Signal Processing	274
5.2.8	Reconfigurable Adaptive Array: Software Antenna	286
	References	289
Chapter 6	Land Mobile Antenna Systems II: Pagers, Portable Phones, and Safety	293
6.1	Practical Requirements of and Constraints on Pager Antenna Design	293
6.1.1	Effect of the Human Body on Antennas	295
6.1.2	Aspects of Manufacture	299
6.1.3	Measurement of Pager Antenna Performance	300
6.1.4	Pocket Pager Size Constraints	303
6.1.5	Concluding Remarks	303
6.2	Pager Types and Performance	304
6.2.1	Design Considerations	304
6.2.2	Card-Sized Equipment	309
6.3	Design Techniques for Portable Phone Antennas	312
6.3.1	Design Considerations	312
6.3.2	Antenna Types	313
6.3.3	Antenna Diversity	324
6.3.4	Conclusions	324
6.4	Portable Phone Antenna Systems	325
6.4.1	System Design Aspects	325
6.4.2	Handheld Systems	332
6.5	Safety Aspects of Portable and Mobile Communication Devices	334
6.5.1	Exposure to RF Energy	334
6.5.2	Specific Absorbtion Rate of Electromagnetic Energy	336
6.5.3	Measurement of SAR	337
6.5.4	Safety Criteria	343
6.5.5	Exposure from Mobile Radios	345
6.5.6	Exposure of Portable Radio Operators	347
6.5.7	SAR Values of Portable Radios	350
6.5.8	SAR Values of Cellular Phones	353
6.5.9	Discussion and Conclusions	355
	References	357
Chapter 7	Antennas and Humans in Personal Communications	361
7.1	Applications of Modern EM Computational Techniques	361
7.1.1	Introduction	361
7.1.2	Definition of Design Parameters for Handset Antennas	365
7.1.3	Finite-Difference Time-Domain Formulation	367
7.1.4	Eigenfunction Expansion Method	369
7.1.5	Results Using EEM	371
7.1.6	Results Using the FDTD Method	394
7.1.7	Assessment of Dual-Antenna Handset Diversity Performance	407
7.2	Design and Practice of Antennas for Handsets	414
7.2.1	Design Concept	414
7.2.2	Antennas for GSM	417
7.2.3	Antennas for PDC	438
7.2.4	Antennas for PHS	447
7.2.5	Diversity Performance in PDC Handsets	452
	References	458
Chapter 8	Land Mobile Antenna Systems III: Cars, Trains, and Intelligent Transportation Systems	461
8.1	Antenna Systems for Broadcast Reception in Cars	461
8.1.1	Introduction	462
8.1.2	Reception for AM and FM	463
8.1.3	FM Antenna Diversity Systems	468
8.1.4	FM Multiantenna Systems	472
8.2	Antenna Systems for TV Reception in Cars	481
8.2.1	Antennas Printed on the Rear Quarter Windows	482
8.2.2	A Three-Element Antenna System for AM, FM, and TV Reception	486
8.3	Antenna Systems for Shinkansen (New Bullet Train)	491
8.3.1	Introduction	491
8.3.2	Train Radio Communication Systems	491
8.3.3	Antenna System	494
8.4	Intelligent Transportation Systems	500
8.4.1	General	500
8.4.2	Antennas for ETC	501
8.4.3	Vehicle Information and Communication System	507
	References	518
Chapter 9	Antennas for Mobile Satellite Systems	521
9.1	Introduction	521
9.2	System Requirements for Vehicle Antennas	522
9.2.1	Mechanical Characteristics	522
9.2.2	Electrical Characteristics	523
9.2.3	Propagation Problems	527
9.2.4	Fading Reduction Techniques	530
9.2.5	Mount Systems	534
9.2.6	Tracking/Pointing Systems	537
9.3	Omnidirectional Antennas for Mobile Satellite Communications	538
9.3.1	Overview	538
9.3.2	Quadrifilar Helical Antenna	539
9.3.3	Crossed-Drooping Dipole Antenna	539
9.3.4	Patch Antenna	540
9.4	Directional Antennas for Mobile Satellite Communications	542
9.4.1	Antennas for INMARSAT	542
9.4.2	Directional Antennas in the PROSAT Program	552
9.4.3	Directional Antennas in the ETS-V Program	552
9.4.4	Directional Antennas in the MSAT-X Program	558
9.4.5	Directional Antennas in the MSAT Program	566
9.5	Antenna Systems for GPS	568
9.5.1	General Requirements for GPS Antennas	568
9.5.2	Quadrifilar Helical Antennas	570
9.5.3	Microstrip Antennas	573
9.5.4	Array Antenna for GPS Reception	575
9.6	Satellite Constellation Systems and Antenna Requirements	577
9.6.1	Constellation Systems and Demands on Antenna Design	579
9.6.2	Handset Antennas for Satellite Systems	585
	References	608
Chapter 10	Antenna Systems for Aeronautical Mobile Communications	613
10.1	Propagation Problems	613
10.2	General Requirements and Remarks	614
10.3	Advanced Circularly Polarized Antennas	617
10.3.1	Crossed-Dipole Antennas	618
10.3.2	Crossed-Slot Antennas	619
10.3.3	Quadrifilar Helical Antennas	622
10.3.4	Microstrip Patch Antennas	622
	References	630
Appendix	Glossary	633
A.1	Catalog of Antenna Types	634
A.1.1	Dipole Derivatives	634
A.1.2	Loop and Slot Derivatives	635
A.1.3	Material Loading	636
A.1.4	Printed Elements	636
A.1.5	Balun Requirements and Imperfect Ground Planes	637
A.1.6	Arrays and Diversity Systems	638
A.1.7	Recent Innovative Concepts	638
A.1.8	Key to Symbols and Acronyms used in Sections A.2 to A.6	653
A.2	Land Mobile Systems	654
A.2.1	Automobiles	654
A.2.2	Portable Equipment	660
A.2.3	Trains	665
A.2.4	Base Stations	665
A.3	Maritime Systems	667
A.4	Aeronautical Systems	669
A.5	Satellite Systems	676
A.6	Typical Antenna Types and Their Applications	678
	References	680
	Acronyms and Abbreviations	687
	About the Authors	691
	Index	695

Editorial Reviews

Specialists from Europe, the US, and Japan emphasize the practical application of scientific principles, numerical analysis, and computational techniques to modeling, designing, and analyzing antennas for mobile communications. They discuss such topics as the importance of antennas, essential techniques in mobile antenna systems design, mobile propagation prediction methods, basic techniques and applications in land mobile antenna systems, base station antennas, pagers and portable phones, safety, antennas and humans in personal communications, cars and trains, intelligent transportation systems, and mobile satellite systems. No date is noted for the first edition. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

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