Mobile Displays: Technology and Applications

by Achintya K. Bhowmik (Editor), Zili Li (Editor), Philip J. Bos (Editor)

Overview

The mobile display industry has witnessed rapid growth, in both volume and diversification, in recent years. This trend is expected to persist with continued consumer demand for mobile communications and computing applications. Mobile displays are now integral to a wide range of devices such as MP3 players, digital cameras, PDAs, GPS map readers, portable DVD players, and electronic books, as well as the ubiquitous mobile phone and laptop computers.  This proliferation of products has fuelled a significant investment into the research and development of the mobile display, with key research laboratories across the display industry and academia producing many exciting technological advancements.

With contributions from well-known experts, in both industry and academia, this book presents a comprehensive coverage of the mobile display in a single volume. Ranging from an in-depth analysis of the requirements that the displays must meet, through current devices, to emerging technologies, the text features:

• mobile environment and human-factor considerations for the display;
• advances in the incumbent active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) technologies;
• backlighting and light manipulation techniques;
• mobile display driver electronics and interface technologies;
• emerging technologies including active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED), electronic paper displays, and system-on-glass (SOG) developments;
• application developments in eyewear, mobile projector, and 3D displays.

Mobile Displays: Technology and Applications presents, in addition to the fundamentals, a detailed update on state-of-the-art advancements. It is an invaluable resource for practicing electronics and display engineers working on the development of mobile displays and their applications.  It is also an extensive reference for graduates taking special courses in display technologies. 

The Society for Information Display (SID) is an international society, which has the aim of encouraging the development of all aspects of the field of information display. Complementary to the aims of the society, the Wiley-SID series is intended to explain the latest developments in information display technology at a professional level. The broad scope of the series addresses all facets of information displays from technical aspects through systems and prototypes to standards and ergonomics

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780470723746
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	06/09/2008
Series:	Wiley Series in Display Technology , #16
Pages:	656
Product dimensions:	6.90(w) x 9.90(h) x 1.60(d)

About the Author

Achintya K. Bhowmik is a Senior Manager at Intel Corporation, where he leads advanced video and display technology research and development, focusing on power-performance optimized mobile computer architecture. He has been an Adjunct Professor in the department of Information Display at the Kyung Hee University in Seoul, Korea. his prior work includes development of high-definition display systems based on an all-digital Liquid-Crystal on Silicon microdisplay technology, electro-optic modulation in organic molecular crystals, novel light-matter interactions, and integrated optical circuits for high-speed communication networks. he received his PhD and BTech from Auburn University, Alabama, USA, and the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, respectively. He has authored more than 70 publications, including 16 issued patents. he is a Program Committee Member for SID and IEEE. he has been a session chair and invited speaker at a number of international conferences.

Zili Li is a Distinguished Member of the technical Staff at Motorola Labs, where he leads research groups in developing advanced mobile display technologies ranging from direct-view displays, heads-up displays, and microprojector displays. prior to Motorola, he was with Rockwell International where he developed advanced avionic display and display manufacture process. he received his PhD and BS, both in Physics, from Case Western reserve University in the US and Shandong University in China, respectively. he has more than 35 refereed publications and 17 issued US patents. He has been an invited speaker, seminar lecturer, planer, and chair at major international conferences. he is co-founder of SID Mobile Display conference since 2006 and served as vice-Chair of SID MW Chapter. He is a member of SID,SPIE, and OSA. He also serves as a member for Motorola Science Advisory Board Associates.

Philip J. Bos is a Professor of Chemical Physics and Associate Director of the Liquid Crystal Institute at Kent State University. Before joining Kent State in 1994, he was a princip0al scientist in the the Display Research Laboratory of Tektronix Inc. He received his PhD in Physics from Kent State in 1978. He has authored more than 100 papers in the field of liquid crystals and liquid crystal displays, and has over 23 issued patents. His field of interest is applications of liquid crystals, with contributions to fast liquid crystal electro-optical effects including the invention of the pi-cell. He is active in the field of displays and was twice the general chair of the International Display research Conference. he is a Fellow of the SID, and has received the Distinguished Scholar Award from Kent State University.

Table of Contents

About the Editors xv

List of Contributors xvii

Series Editor’s Foreword xxi

Preface xxiii

1 Introduction to Mobile Displays 1
Zili Li, Achintya K. Bhowmik, and Philip J. Bos

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Advances in Mobile Applications 2

1.3 Mobile Environment and its Impact on the Display 5

1.4 Current Mobile Display Technologies 11

1.5 Emerging Mobile Display Technologies 16

1.6 Summary 21

References 22

2 Human Factors Considerations: Seeing Information on a Mobile Display 23
Jim Larimer

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 The Perfect Image 27

2.3 The JND Map and Metric 27

2.4 Image Bandwidth or Considering a Display or the Eye as an Information Channel 28

2.5 The Control Signal and Scaling for Rendering 29

2.6 Jaggies 30

2.7 Hyperacuity 32

2.8 Bar Gratings and Spatial Frequency 33

2.9 Three Measures of Contrast and Weber’s Law 34

2.10 Contrast Sensitivity Function (csf) 36

2.11 Veiling Ambient Light: Contrast Reduction from Glare 38

2.12 Dither: Trade Offs between Spatial Scale and Intensity 39

2.13 Three Display Screens with Text Imagery 41

2.14 Color 43

2.15 Making Color on Displays 47

2.16 Luminance and Tone Scale 47

2.17 Concluding Remarks 50

References 50

3 Advanced Mobile Display Technology 53
Kee-Han Uh, and Seon-Hong Ahn

3.1 Introduction 53

3.2 Advanced Mobile Display Technology 55

3.3 Summary 72

References 72

4 In-Plane Switching (IPS) LCD Technology for Mobile Applications 75
InJae Chung, and Hyungki Hong

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 LCD Modes 76

4.3 Operational Principle of IPS Mode 80

4.3.1 Voltage Transmittance Relation 80

4.4 LC Equation of Motion under an Electric Field 82

4.5 Schematic Diagram of IPS Pixel Structures 85

4.6 Characteristics of IPS Mode 88

4.6.1 Response Time Characteristics 88

4.7 Light Efficiency 89

4.8 Viewing Angle Characteristics 90

4.9 Color and Gray Level 91

4.10 IPS Mode for Outdoor Applications 93

4.11 Summary 94

References 95

5 Transflective Liquid Crystal Display Technologies 97
Xinyu Zhu, Zhibing Ge, and Shin-Tson Wu

5.1 Introduction 97

5.2 Classification of Transflectors 98

5.3 Classification of Transflective LCDs 102

5.4 Discussion 126

5.5 Conclusion 127

References 129

6 Wide Viewing Angle and High Brightness Liquid Crystal Displays Incorporating Birefringent Compensators and Energy-Efficient Backlight 133
Claire Gu, Pochi Yeh, Xingpeng Yang, and Guofan Jin

6.1 Introduction 133

6.2 WVA (Wide-Viewing-Angle) LCDs with Birefringent Compensators 135

6.3 High Brightness LCDs with Energy-Efficient Backlights 188

6.4 Conclusions 208

Acknowledgements 208

References 208

7 Backlighting of Mobile Displays 211
Philip Watson, and Gary T. Boyd

7.1 Introduction 211

7.2 Edge-lit Backlight Components and Function 213

7.3 Light Source 213

7.4 Lightguide 213

7.5 Back Reflector and Bulb Reflector 214

7.6 The Optical Film Stack 214

7.7 Prisms-Up Systems 215

7.8 Prisms-Down Systems 216

7.9 Reflective Polarizers and Polarization Recycling 217

7.10 System Efficiencies in Highly Recycling Backlights 219

7.11 Trends in Mobile Display Backlighting 223

References 225

8 LED Backlighting of LCDs in Mobile Appliances 227
Josef Hüttner, Gerhard Kuhn, and Matthias Winter

8.1 Introduction 227

8.2 Basic Physics of LED Technology 228

8.3 Basic Physics of Semiconductor Light Emission 229

8.4 LED Efficiency and Light Extraction 231

8.5 Packaging Technologies and White LED Light 235

8.6 Requirements and Designs for LED-based Backlight Solutions 236

8.7 LED-Backlighting Products 239

8.8 LED Backlighting of Notebook LCDs 244

8.9 Summary and Outlook 248

References 249

9 Advances in Mobile Display Driver Electronics 251
James E. Schuessler

9.1 Introduction 251

9.2 Rapid Evolution 252

9.3 Requirements 253

9.4 Packaging Techniques 254

9.5 Passive Matrix LCD 255

9.6 Active Matrix LCD Operation 256

9.7 Requirements for Driving Example Emerging Display Technologies 274

9.8 Summary 281

References 282

10 Mobile Display Digital Interface (MDDI) 285
George A. Wiley, Brian Steele, Salman Saeed, and Glenn Raskin

10.1 Introduction 285

10.2 MDDI Advantages 289

10.3 Future Generations of MDDI 294

10.4 MDDI Roadmap 296

10.5 MDDI Technical Overview 297

10.6 Conclusion 314

References 314

11 MIPI High-Speed Serial Interface Standard for Mobile Displays 315
Richard Lawrence

11.1 Introduction 315

11.2 Scope of MIPI DSI Specification 317

11.3 DSI Layers 318

11.4 DSI Protocol 320

11.5 Dual-Display Operation 324

11.6 Conclusion 328

Notes and Acknowledgements 328

About The MIPI Alliance 328

About MIPI Specifications 328

References 328

12 Image Reconstruction on Color Sub-pixelated Displays 329
Candice H. Brown Elliott

12.1 The Opportunity of Biomimetic Imaging Systems 329

12.2 Sub-pixel Image Reconstruction 332

12.3 Defining the Limits of Performance: Nyquist, MTF and Moiré Limits 333

12.4 Sub-pixel Rendering Algorithm 342

12.5 Area Resample Filter Generation 346

12.6 RGBW Color Theory 348

12.7 RGBW Sub-pixel Rendering 360

12.8 RGBW Sub-pixel Rendering Algorithm 361

12.9 Gamma Correction and Quantization Error Reduction 364

12.10 Conclusion 366

References 366

13 Recent SOG (System-on-Glass) Development Based on LTPS Technology 369
Tohru Nishibe, and Hiroki Nakamura

13.1 Introduction 369

13.2 Added Value 370

13.3 Requirements for TFT Characteristics and Design Rule 371

13.4 Display with Fully-integrated Circuit 372

13.5 ‘Input Display’ with Scanning Function 374

13.6 ‘Input Display’ with Touch-panel Function 376

13.7 Future Application of ‘Input Display’ 380

13.8 Summary 382

References 382

14 Advances in AMOLED Technologies 385
Y.-M. Alan Tsai, James Chang, D.Z. Peng, Vincent Tseng, Alex Lin,L.J. Chen, and Poyen Lu

14.1 Introduction 385

14.2 OLED Technology 386

14.3 Backplane for AMOLED Display 397

14.4 AMOLED Pixel Circuit Design 404

14.5 Summary and Outlook 423

References 424

15 Electronic Paper Displays 427
Robert Zehner

15.1 Introduction: The Case for Electronic Paper 427

15.2 What is Electronic Paper? 427

15.3 Particle-based Electro-optic Materials for Electronic Paper 434

15.4 Particle-based Electronic Paper Products 440

15.5 Conclusion 441

References 442

16 Reflective Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays 443
Deng-Ke Yang

16.1 Introduction 443

16.2 Basics of Ch Liquid Crystals 444

16.3 Optics of Ch Liquid Crystals 445

16.4 Bistable Reflective Ch Display 454

16.5 Drive Schemes of Ch Displays 458

16.6 Conclusion 464

References 466

17 BiNem 1 Displays: From Principles to Applications 469
Jacques Angelé, Cécile Joubert, Ivan Dozov, Thierry Emeraud, Stéphane Joly, Philippe Martinot-Lagarde, Jean-Denis Laffitte, François Leblanc, Jesper Osterman, Terry Scheffer, and Daniel Stoenescu

17.1 Introduction 469

17.2 Liquid Crystal Textures of BiNem 1 Displays 470

17.3 Optics of BiNem 1 Displays 472

17.4 Physical Mechanisms 478

17.5 Specific BiNem 1 Materials 486

17.6 BiNem 1 Manufacturing Process 490

17.7 Passive Matrix Addressing 492

17.8 Performance of BiNem 1 Displays 500

17.9 Other Developments 503

17.10 Applications of BiNem 1 Displays 508

17.11 Conclusion 509

References 510

18 Electrowetting Displays for Mobile Multimedia Applications 511
Johan Feenstra

18.1 Introduction 511

18.2 Electrowetting: The Technology 519

18.3 Electrowetting as a Display Technology 524

18.4 Product Platforms 534

18.5 Summary 537

Acknowledgements 537

References 537

19 3D Displays for Portable Handheld Devices 539
Adrian Travis

19.1 Introduction 539

19.2 The Perception and Pixelation of 3D Images 540

19.3 Stereo Pair 3D 541

19.4 Multiview Displays 543

19.5 Holographic Displays 547

19.6 Future Developments 548

References 549

20 Eyewear Displays 551
Paul Travers

20.1 Introduction 551

20.2 The Optical Design and Considerations for the Near-Eye Display 557

20.3 Summary 563

References 564

21 Mobile Projectors Using Scanned Beam Displays 565
Randy Sprague, Mark Champion, Margaret Brown, Dean Brown, Mark Freeman,and Maarten Niesten

21.1 The Need for a Bigger Display in a Smaller Package 565

21.2 Principles of Operation 568

21.3 Operation of a Bi-Magnetic Scanner 571

21.4 Operation of an Electrode Comb Scanner 577

21.5 Lasers – New Technology Enabling the Scanned Laser Projector 580

21.6 Image Quality Considerations 585

21.7 Summary 587

References 588

22 Plastic Backplane Technology for Mobile Displays 589
Cathy J. Curling, and Seamus E. Burns

22.1 Introduction 589

22.2 Flexible Display Applications and Specifications 591

22.3 Active Matrix Backplane Requirements to Drive Bistable Media in E-Paper Applications 595

22.4 Review of Flexible Active Matrix Backplane Processes 599

22.5 The Plastic Logic Process for Fabricating Flexible Active Matrix Backplanes 606

22.6 The Future of E-Paper Display Technologies for Mobile Applications 610

Acknowledgements 614

Note 614

References 614

Index 617