Table of Contents
Contributors' biographies xi
Part I Modeling and simulation of hydropower plants 1
1 Analysis and modeling of run-off-type hydropower plant Roshan Chhetri Karchung 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Measurements 4
1.2.1 Transducers 5
1.2.2 Signal conditioning 5
1.2.3 DAQ hardware 6
1.2.4 Lab VIEW 7
1.3 Modeling of the plant 8
1.4 Governor system 11
1.5 Excitation system 11
1.6 Model validation/simulations 13
1.7 Conclusion 18
Bibliography 18
2 Time-domain modeling and a case study on regulation and operation of hydropower plants Weijia Yang Jiandong Yang Wencheng Guo Per Norrlund 19
Nomenclature 19
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Numerical model of hydropower plants 22
2.2.1 Piping system 22
2.2.2 Hydropower unit with Francis turbine 27
2.2.3 Features of the model 31
2.3 Practical engineering case 31
2.4 Case study of various dynamic processes of hydropower plant 32
2.4.1 Start-up and no-load operation 33
2.4.2 Grid-connected operation 35
2.4.3 Isolated operation 40
2.4.4 Emergency stop and load rejection 43
2.5 Conclusions 46
Acknowledgments 46
References 46
3 Reduced order models for grid connected hydropower plants Gérard Robert Frédéric Michaud 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Hydropower plant model 50
3.2.1 Penstock and tunnel models 51
3.2.2 Surge tank model 52
3.2.3 Turbine model in a water column 53
3.2.4 Hydraulic circuit model 56
3.2.5 Mechanical model of the generating unit 59
3.2.6 Hydro-mechanical model of the power plant 61
3.3 Synchronous power system models 61
3.3.1 General model 62
3.3.2 Model for an interconnected grid 64
3.3.3 Model for an isolated grid 66
3.4 Complete state-space model for a hydro plant connected to a grid 67
3.4.1 General model 67
3.4.2 Interconnected operation 68
3.4.3 Isolated operation 69
3.5 Analysis of the dynamic behaviour 69
3.5.1 Decomposition of slow and fast dynamics 70
3.5.2 Performance limitation for primary frequency control: capability criteria 74
References 77
4 Modeling and stability analysis of turbine governing system of hydropower plant Wencheng Guo Jiandong Yang Weijia Yang 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Modeling of turbine governing system 80
4.2.1 Hydraulic submodel 82
4.2.2 Mechanic submodel 84
4.2.3 Electricity submodel 86
4.3 Stability analysis of turbine governing system 86
4.3.1 Basic knowledge of stability of dynamic system 86
4.3.2 Stability analysis of turbine governing system without surge tank 91
4.3.3 Stability analysis of turbine governing system with surge tank 94
4.3.4 Critical stable sectional area of surge tank 98
4.4 Conclusions 100
Acknowledgments 100
References 100
Part II Control of hydropower plants 103
5 Dynamic simulation issues for hydropower generation control Joël Nicolas Gérard Robert 105
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Grid codes requirements for frequency control and balancing: example of the European network 106
5.2.1 General overview 106
5.2.2 The European institutional context 106
5.2.3 Brief presentation of the European interconnected network ENTSO-E 107
5.2.4 The development of European network codes 109
5.2.5 Focus on some European requirements for frequency control 110
5.3 Application to the design and tuning of turbine governing systems: the French EDF experience 112
5.3.1 Frequency control and turbine governing systems specifications 114
5.3.2 Simulation numerical studies: general issues 119
5.3.3 Preliminary simulation numerical studies: principles 119
5.3.4 Preliminary simulation numerical studies: results for some HPP cases 120
5.3.5 Application for modernised turbine governing systems with manufacturer's simulations and performance field tests 123
5.4 Conclusion 127
References 127
6 Methods of signal analysis for vibration control at hydropower plants Olga Shindor Anna Svirina 131
6.1 Introduction 131
6.2 Hydro units vibration control methodology: implementation of wavelet transform 133
6.3 Hydropower plant vibration diagnostics case study 136
6.3.1 Controlling object and measurement equipment characteristics 136
6.3.2 Hydraulic unit's vibration condition monitoring on the basis of diagnostics data wavelet analysis 137
6.4 Conclusions 144
References 144
Part III Operation, scheduling, etc. of hydropower plants (including pumped storage) 147
7 Island mode operation in hydropower plant Roshan Chhetri Karchung 149
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Performance in island mode 150
7.3 Measures to improve the island mode performance 157
7.4 Conclusion 158
Bibliography 158
8 Hydro generation scheduling: non-linear programming and optimally conditions Lucas S.M. Guedes Adriano C. Lisboa Douglas A.G. Vieira Pedro M. Maia Rodney R. Saldanha 161
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 Hydropower generation function 164
8.2.1 Physical properties of geometric functions 165
5.2.1 Special cases of geometric functions 167
8.2.1 Mathematical properties 170
8.3 Water conservation and discharge limits 175
8.3.1 Head sensitive discharge limits 176
8.4 Cascade D-HGS formulation 177
8.5 Global optimization approach 178
8.5.1 Computational results 180
8.6 Conclusions 183
References 184
9 A PV hydro hybrid system using residual flow of Guarita Hydro Power Plant, in southern Brazil Rafael Schultz Alexandre Beluco Roberto Petry Homrich Ricardo C. Eifler 187
Abstract 187
Keywords 187
9.1 Introduction 188
9.2 The Guarita hydroelectric power plant 188
9.3 The use of residual flow of Guarita 190
9.4 Components of the PV hydro hybrid system 191
9.5 Simulations with HOMER 193
9.6 Results and discussion 197
9.7 Conclusions 202
Acknowledgments 202
References 202
10 A PV wind hydro hybrid system with pumped storage capacity installed in Linha Sete, Aparados da Serra, southern Brazil Alfonso Risso Fausto A. Canales Alexandre Beluco Elton G. Rossini 205
Abstract 205
Keywords 205
10.1 Introduction 206
10.2 The Linha Sete pumped storage power plant 207
10.3 Components of the PV wind hydro hybrid system 208
10.4 Simulations with HOMER 211
10.5 Results and discussion 212
10.6 Final remarks 219
Acknowledgments 219
References 219
Part IV Small hydropower plants 223
11 Modeling and simulation of a pico-hydropower off-grid network Sam J. Williamson Antonio Griffo Bernard H. Stark Julian D. Booker 225
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 System overview 226
11.3 Component models 227
11.3.1 Turbine 228
11.3.2 Shaft assembly 228
11.3.3 Generator 230
11.3.4 Rectifier 231
11.3.5 DC-DC converter 231
11.3.6 Inverter modeling 232
11.3.7 Transmission line and load modeling 232
11.4 Control scheme design 233
11.4.1 Turbine and DC-DC converter controller design 233
11.4.2 Inverter control design 233
11.5 Simulation results 239
11.5.1 Single generator unit with varying load 239
11.5.2 Performance with non-linear load 241
11.5.3 Power sharing performance 242
11.5.4 Change in input power (drop in head) 242
11.6 Modeling of implementation in Nepal 242
11.7 Hybrid renewable off-grid network 245
11.7.1 Solar PV interface modifications 246
11.7.2 Wind turbine interface modifications 247
11.7.3 Hybrid grid simulation 248
11.8 Summary 249
References 250
Further reading 253
Index 255
