Modulation and Coding Techniques in Wireless Communications / Edition 1

by Evgenii Krouk, Sergei Semenov

Overview

The high level of technical detail included in standards specifications can make it difficult to find the correlation between the standard specifications and the theoretical results. This book aims to cover both of these elements to give accessible information and support to readers. It explains the current and future trends on communication theory and shows how these developments are implemented in contemporary wireless communication standards.

Examining modulation, coding and multiple access techniques, the book is divided into two major sections to cover these functions. The two-stage approach first treats the basics of modulation and coding theory before highlighting how these concepts are defined and implemented in modern wireless communication systems. Part 1 is devoted to the presentation of main L1 procedures and methods including modulation, coding, channel equalization and multiple access techniques. In Part 2, the uses of these procedures and methods in the wide range of wireless communication standards including WLAN, WiMax, WCDMA, HSPA, LTE and cdma2000 are considered.

• An essential study of the implementation of modulation and coding techniques in modern standards of wireless communication
• Bridges the gap between the modulation coding theory and the wireless communications standards material
• Divided into two parts to systematically tackle the topic - the first part develops techniques which are then applied and tailored to real world systems in the second part
• Covers special aspects of coding theory and how these can be effectively applied to improve the performance of wireless communications systems

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780470745052
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	02/21/2011
Pages:	688
Product dimensions:	6.90(w) x 9.90(h) x 1.60(d)

About the Author

Professor E. Krouk has worked in the field of communication theory and techniques for more than 30 years. His areas of interests are coding theory, the mathematical theory of communications and cryptography. He is now the Dean of the Information Systems and Data Protection Faculty of the Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation. He is author of 3 books, more than 100 scientific articles and 30 international and Russian patents.

Sergei Semenov received his Ph.D. degree from St.-Petersburg State University for Airspace Instrumentation (SUAI), Russia in 1993. Dr. Semenov joined Nokia Corporation in 1999 and is currently a Specialist in Modem Algorithm Design/Wireless Modem. His research interests include coding and communication theory and their application to communication systems.

Read an Excerpt

Click to read or download

Table of Contents

About the Editors xi

List of Contributors xiii

Acknowledgements xv

Introduction xvii

1 Channel Models and Reliable Communication 1
Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, and Jussi Poikonen

1.1 Principles of Reliable Communication 1

1.2 AWGN 2

1.2.1 Baseband Representation of AWGN 2

1.2.2 From Sample SNR to E_b /N₀ 5

1.3 Fading Processes in Wireless Communication Channels 6

1.3.1 Large-Scale Fading (Path Loss) 7

1.3.2 Medium-Scale Fading (Shadowing) 10

1.3.3 Small-Scale Fading (Multipath Propagation) 11

1.4 Modelling Frequency-Nonselective Fading 14

1.4.1 Rayleigh and Rice Distributions 14

1.4.2 Maximum Doppler Frequency Shift 15

1.4.3 Wide-Sense Stationary Stochastic Processes 15

1.4.4 Rayleigh and Rice Models for Frequency-Nonselective Fading 15

1.4.5 SNR in Rayleigh Fading Channels 17

1.5 WSSUS Models for Frequency-Selective Fading 18

1.5.1 Basic Principles 18

1.5.2 Definitions 19

References 19

2 Modulation 21
Sergei Semenov

2.1 Basic Principles of Bandpass Modulation 21

2.1.1 The Complex Representation of a Bandpass Signal 22

2.1.2 Representation of Signal with Basis Functions 27

2.1.3 Pulse Shaping 31

2.1.4 Matched Filter 35

2.2 PSK 38

2.2.1 BPSK 38

2.2.2 QPSK 43

2.2.3 M-PSK 47

2.2.4 DPSK 48

2.2.5 OQPSK 50

2.2.6 π/4-QPSK 51

2.3 MSK 54

2.3.1 GMSK 54

2.4 QAM 60

2.5 OFDM 66

References 81

3 Block Codes 83
Grigorii Kabatiansky, Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, and Sergei Semenov

3.1 Main Definitions 83

3.2 Algebraic Structures 86

3.3 Linear Block Codes 94

3.4 Cyclic Codes 98

3.5 Bounds on Minimum Distance 114

3.6 Minimum Distance Decoding 119

3.7 Information Set Decoding 120

3.8 Hamming Codes 128

3.9 Reed-Solomon Codes 131

3.10 BCH Codes 133

3.11 Decoding of BCH Codes 135

3.12 Sudan Algorithm and Its Extensions 139

3.13 LDPC Codes 146

3.13.1 LDPC Constructions 148

3.13.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes 154

References 157

4 Convolutional Codes and Turbo-Codes 161
Sergei Semenov and Andrey Trofimov

4.1 Convolutional Codes Representation and Encoding 161

4.2 Viterbi Decoding Algorithm 169

4.2.1 Hard Decision Viterbi Algorithm 170

4.2.2 Soft Decision Viterbi Algorithm 174

4.3 List Decoding 178

4.4 Upper Bound on Bit Error Probability for Viterbi Decoding 178

4.5 Sequential Decoding 183

4.5.1 Stack Algorithm 184

4.5.2 Fano Algorithm 187

4.6 Parallel-Concatenated Convolutional Codes and Soft Input Soft Output Decoding 190

4.7 SISO Decoding Algorithms 195

4.7.1 MAP Algorithm and Its Variants 195

4.7.2 Soft-In/Soft-Out Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA) 201

References 205

4.a Modified Chernoff Bound and Some Applications 206
Andrey Trofimov

References 219

5 Equalization 221
Sergei Semenov

5.1 Equalization with Filtering 222

5.1.1 Zero-Forcing Equalization 226

5.1.2 MMSE Equalization 228

5.1.3 DFE 233

5.2 Equalization Based on Sequence Estimation 239

5.2.1 MLSE Equalization 239

5.2.2 Sphere Detection 242

5.3 RAKE Receiver 251

5.4 Turbo Equalization 254

5.5 Performance Comparison 259

References 261

6 ARQ 263
Evgenii Krouk

6.1 Basic ARQ Schemes 263

6.1.1 Basic Concepts 263

6.1.2 Stop-and-Wait ARQ 265

6.1.3 ARQ with N Steps Back (Go Back N, GBN) 267

6.1.4 ARQ with Selective Repeat (SR) 268

6.2 Hybrid ARQ 269

6.2.1 Type-I Hybrid ARQ (Chase Combining) 269

6.2.2 Type-II Hybrid ARQ (Full IR) 270

6.2.3 Type-III Hybrid ARQ (Partial IR) 273

References 275

7 Coded Modulation 277
Andrey Trofimov

7.1 Principle of Coded Modulation 277

7.1.1 Illustrative Example 280

7.2 Modulation Mapping by Signal Set Partitioning 282

7.3 Ungerboeck Codes 285

7.4 Performance Estimation of TCM System 287

7.4.1 Squared Distance Structure of PSK and QAM Constellations 287

7.4.2 Upper Bound on Error Event Probability and Bit Error Probability for TCM 289

References 299

8 MIMO 301
Andrei Ovchinnikov and Sergei Semenov

8.1 MIMO Channel Model 301

8.1.1 Fading in Narrowband Channels 301

8.1.2 Fading Countermeasures: Diversity 303

8.1.3 MIMO Channel model 306

8.2 Space-Time Coding 310

8.2.1 Maximum Ratio Combining 310

8.2.2 Definition of Space-Time Codes 311

8.2.3 Space-Time Codes with Two Transmit Antennas 312

8.2.4 Construction Criteria for Space-Time Codes 314

8.3 Orthogonal Designs 317

8.3.1 Real Orthogonal Designs 317

8.3.2 Complex Orthogonal Designs 319

8.3.3 Decoding of Space-Time Codes 323

8.3.4 Error Probability for Orthogonal Space-Time Codes 326

8.4 Space-Time Trellis Codes 327

8.4.1 Space-Time Trellis Codes 327

8.4.2 Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes 330

8.5 Differential Space-Time Codes 334

8.6 Spatial Multiplexing 337

8.6.1 General Concepts 337

8.6.2 V-BLAST 339

8.6.3 D-BLAST 341

8.6.4 Turbo-BLAST 342

8.7 Beamforming 344

References 348

9 Multiple Access Methods 351
Dmitry Osipov, Jarkko Paavola, and Jussi Poikonen

9.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 353

9.1.1 Spectral Reuse 355

9.1.2 OFDMA 356

9.1.3 SC-FDMA 358

9.1.4 WDMA 359

9.2 Time Division Multiple Access 359

9.3 Code Division Multiple Access 360

9.3.1 Direct-Sequence CDMA 360

9.3.2 Frequency-Hopping CDMA 366

9.4 Advanced MA Methods 367

9.4.1 Multicarrier CDMA 367

9.4.2 Random OFDMA 368

9.4.3 DHA-FH-CDMA 369

9.5 Random Access Multiple Access Methods 371

9.6 Conclusions 376

References 376

10 Standardization in IEEE 802.11, 802.16 381
Tuomas Laine, Zexian Li, Andrei Malkov, and Prabodh Varshney

10.1 IEEE Overview 381

10.2 Standard Development Process 384

10.3 IEEE 802.11 Working Group 385

10.4 IEEE 802.16 Working Group 386

10.5 IEEE 802.11 388

10.5.1 Overview and Scope 388

10.5.2 Frequency Plan 388

10.5.3 Reference Model 389

10.5.4 Architecture 390

10.5.5 802.11a 391

10.5.6 802.11b 392

10.5.7 802.11g 394

10.5.8 802.11n 395

10.5.9 Future Developments 397

10.6 IEEE 802.16x 398

10.6.1 Key PHY Features of the IEEE 802.16e 398

10.6.2 IEEE 802.16m 400

References 428

11 Standardization in 3GPP 429
Asbjørn Grøvlen, Kari Hooli, Matti Jokimies, Kari Pajukoski, Sergei Semenov, and Esa Tiirola

11.1 Standardization Process and Organization 429

11.1.1 General 429

11.1.2 Organization of 3GPP 430

11.1.3 Organization of TSG RAN 430

11.1.4 Standardization Process 431

11.1.5 3GPP Releases 432

11.1.6 Frequency Bands and 3GPP Releases 433

11.1.7 RAN Specifications 433

11.2 3G WCDMA 433

11.2.1 WCDMA Concept. Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 434

11.2.2 Logical and Transport Channels 435

11.2.3 Physical Channels 440

11.2.4 Coding, Spreading and Modulation 459

11.2.5 Cell Search 476

11.2.6 Power Control Procedures 476

11.2.7 Handover Procedures 479

11.2.8 Transmit Diversity 486

11.3 3.5G HSDPA/HSUPA 490

11.3.1 HSDPA 490

11.3.2 HSUPA 536

11.3.3 CPC 574

11.4 4G LTE 577

11.4.1 LTE Downlink 577

11.4.2 LTE Uplink 592

References 602

12 CDMA2000 and Its Evolution 605
Andrei Ovchinnikov

12.1 Development of 3G CDMA2000 Standard 605

12.1.1 IS-95 Family of Standards (cdmaOne) 605

12.1.2 IS-2000 Family of Standards 606

12.2 Reverse Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard 611

12.2.1 Reverse Channel Structure 611

12.2.2 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 612

12.2.3 Codeword Symbols Repetition 615

12.2.4 Puncturing 618

12.2.5 Block Interleaving 618

12.2.6 Orthogonal Modulation and Orthogonal Spreading 619

12.2.7 Direct Sequence Spreading and Quadrature Spreading 619

12.2.8 Frame Quality Indicator 622

12.3 Forward Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard 623

12.3.1 Forward Channel Structure 623

12.3.2 Forward Error Correction 625

12.3.3 Codeword Symbols Repetition 629

12.3.4 Puncturing 630

12.3.5 Block Interleaving 630

12.3.6 Sequence Repetition 630

12.3.7 Data Scrambling 630

12.3.8 Orthogonal and Quasi-Orthogonal Spreading 631

12.3.9 Quadrature Spreading 631

12.3.10 Frame Quality Indicator 631

12.4 Architecture Model of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard 631

12.4.1 Structure of Physical Layer Packet 632

12.4.2 FCS Computation 632

12.5 Access Terminal of the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard 633

12.5.1 Power Control 633

12.5.2 Reverse Channel Structure 633

12.5.3 Modulation Parameters and Transmission Rates 634

12.5.4 Access Channel 634

12.5.5 Reverse Traffic Channel 636

12.5.6 Encoding 640

12.5.7 Channel Interleaving and Repetition 641

12.5.8 Quadrature Spreading 641

12.6 Access Network of the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard 643

12.6.1 Forward Channel Structure 643

12.6.2 Modulation Parameters and Transmission Rates 645

12.6.3 Pilot Channel 645

12.6.4 Forward MAC Channel 645

12.6.5 Control Channel 647

12.6.6 Forward Traffic Channel 647

12.6.7 Time-Division Multiplexing 651

12.6.8 Quadrature Spreading 651

References 654

Index 655