Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Moral Injury 1
Ordinary People 2
Brian Willson 2
Camilo Mejía 3
Jeremy Hinzman 3
Rory Fanning 3
George Skatzes 4
Todd Ashker 4
In the Military 5
The Cycle of Violence 8
Behind Bars 8
This Book 10
Acknowledgments 14
Part I In the Military
Chapter 1 Moral Injury and the Making of a Conscientious Objector 17
The Nature of Moral Injury 17
What Causes Moral Injury? 22
What Are the Consequences of Moral Injury? 26
What Is Needed? 31
The Making of a Conscientious Objector 33
Jeremy Hinzman, during Basic Training 33
Geoffrey Millard, Briefing on the Way to Iraq 34
Geoffrey Millard, in Iraq 35
Camilo Mejia, in and after Iraq 36
Chapter 2 International Law 39
Crimes Against Peace, War Crimes, and Crimes Against Humanity 40
The Hague Conventions 41
Kellogg-Briand Pact 41
Charter of the United Nations 42
Treaty of London and Charter of the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Principles) 42
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 45
Geneva Conversions and Protocols 45
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 48
Convention Against Torture 48
International Criminal Court 51
Customary International Humanitarian Lain: Distinction and Proportionality 52
"Just War" Principles 54
Conscientious Objection under International Law 57
Basis for Conscientious Objection in International Declarations 57
Conscientious Objection to Enforcing Apartheid 58
International Norms and Standards Pertaining to Conscientious Objectors 58
Asylum for refugees 59
Jeremy Hinzman-Canada 60
Andre Lawrence Shepherd-European Union 60
Conclusion 62
Chapter 3 United States 63
Conscientious Objection: Statutory Provisions and Legal Interpretation? 63
Religious Training and Belief 64
Participation in War in Any Form 65
Sincerity 66
Volunteers for Military Service May Become Conscientious Objectors 67
Criteria 67
Late Crystallization of Belief 68
Assignment to Noncombatant Service 69
Veterans for Peace 72
Torture by the United States 74
Chapter 4 Israel 77
Violations of Internationally Recognized Human Rights 79
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 81
Arbitrary Arrest or Detention 84
Proportionality and the Dahiya Doctrine 86
Exemption from Military Service for Reasons of Religious Conviction 87
Israel's Policy on Selective Conscientious Objection 89
Refuseniks 90
Shministim 91
Yesh Gvul 91
Adam Keller 91
Yuval Ophir-Auron 91
Jonathan Ben-Artzi 92
Combatants' Letter 92
Pilots'Letter 93
Commandos' Letter 94
Maya Wind 94
Danielle Yaor 95
Unit 8200 Letter 96
Moral Injury and Conscientious Objection 97
Unit 8200 Testimonies 97
Breaking the Silence 100
Shachar Berrin 101
Part II Behind Bars
Chapter 5 Moral Injury among Prisoners 105
Frameworks of Understanding 107
An Unbridgeable Divide? 108
George Skatzes 110
Convict Race at Lucasville 114
Chapter 6 Confronting Solitary Confinement in Ohio and Illinois 117
Supermax Confinement in Ohio 118
Beginnings 118
Lawsuit 121
Making Decisions about the Case 121
Hunger Strikes 122
What Was Won in Ohio 123
Administrative Detention in Illinois 124
Tamnis 124
Some Individual Stories 125
Conditions of Confinement at Menard 126
Reasons for Placement in Administrative Detention 127
2014 Hunger Strike 129
Demonstration by Supporters 129
Windows Covered 130
Special Response Team (a/k/a Orange Crush) 131
A New Procedure 133
2015 Hunger Strike 134
Incarcerated Lives Matter 137
Chapter 7 The Pelican Bay Hunger Strikes 139
Pelican Bay 139
Todd Ashker 141
The Ideology of the Hunger Fasts 142
The Agreement to End Hostilities 145
Chapter 8 Nonviolent Direct Action and Lawyering as Partners 149
The Civil Rights Movement 149
Montgomery 150
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 151
Selma 152
The Labor Movement 154
The Right to Strike 154
One Issue at a Time 156
$15 an Hour 158
Accompanying 159
Conclusion 161
Both Victims and Executioners 161
Individuals and Collective Action 162
Breaking the Cycle of Violence 163
Index 167
