Table of Contents
Contributors xi
Preface xiii
1 Introduction to Localization: "Where's the Beef?" 1
2 The Central Nervous System: Brain and Cord 3
A The Cerebral Hemispheres: Starting at the Top 3
1 Frontal Lobes 5
2 Temporal Lobes 12
3 Parietal Lobes 21
4 Occipital Lobes 24
B The Cranial Nerves and Brainstem: Truly Vital Stuff 30
1 Olfactory Nerve-CNI 30
2 Optic Nerve-CN II 33
3 Oculomotor Nerve-CN III 34
4 Trochlear Nerve-CN IV 38
5 Abducens Nerve-CN VI 39
6 Trigeminal Nerve-CNV 46
7 Abducens Nerve-CN VI 48
8 Facial Nerve-CN VII 48
9 Acoustic/Vestibular Nerve-CN VIII 53
10 Glossopharyngeal Nerve-CN IX 54
11 Vagus Nerve-CN X 55
12 Spinal Accessory Nerve-CN XI 56
13 Hypoglossal Nerve-CN XII 57
C The Basal Ganglia: The Tempo of Movement 57
1 Extrapyramidal System 58
2 Basal Ganglia 58
D The Cerebellum: Setting the Rhythm 62
E The Spinal Cord: The CNS Stops Here 64
1 Complete Transection 66
2 Hemisection/Brown-Sequard Syndrome 68
3 Syringomyelia 69
4 Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome 70
5 Tabetic Syndrome 72
6 Combined Systems Degeneration 73
3 The Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves and Muscles 75
A Roots and Nerves: Making the Connections 75
1 Function of Peripheral Nerves 75
2 Cardinal Signs of Peripheral Nerve Disease 75
3 Anatomical Organization of PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) 76
B Radicular Nerve Involvement (the Roots) 76
1 Dorsal Root and Dorsal Root Ganglia Disease 76
2 Nerve Root Disease 77
C The Plexi 79
1 Brachial Plexus 79
2 The Lumbosacral Plexus 81
3 Peripheral Nerves (the Branches) 81
4 Special Applications of Neuro-Logic: Neurologic Classics 89
A Coma 89
1 Definition 89
2 Consciousness 89
B Brain Death 98
1 Overview 98
2 Harvard Criteria 98
3 Collaborative Studies 98
C Seizures and Epilepsy 99
1 Definitions and Concepts 99
2 Differential Diagnosis of Seizures 102
3 Epilepsy 103
D Movement 105
1 Conceptualization 105
2 Disorders of Movement: Upper Versus Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes 108
E Dizziness and Vertigo 117
1 Sense of Balance and Orientation 118
2 Vestibular Connections: Anatomy 118
3 Nystagmus 119
4 Common Etiologies-Difficult to Differentiate 121
F Spinal Cord Compression 122
1 Causes of Spinal Cord Compression 122
2 Primary Sources of Metastases That Cause Spinal Cord Compression 122
3 Pathophysiology 123
4 Clinical Spectrum 123
5 Cervical Cord Compression: Common Signs and Symptoms 124
6 Conus Medullaris Compression 124
7 Cauda Equina Compression 125
8 Summary 126
G Autonomic Nervous System 127
1 Sympathetic Nervous System 127
2 Parasympathetic Nervous System 127
3 Visceral Sensory Afferents 127
4 Special Application: Neurourology 128
5 Special Applications of Neuro-Logic: Neuropsychiatry Lorin M. Seller, MD Julia B. Frank, MD 133
A Anatomy of Neuropsychiatric Disorders 133
1 Frontal Lobe 134
2 The Prefrontal Cortex 134
B Neurotransmitter Systems 138
1 Dopaminergic Systems 139
2 Dopamine Hypothesis: Pathophysiology of Psychotic or Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia 140
3 Serotonergic System 140
4 Central Cholinergic System 141
6 The Neurological Examination and Putting It All Together 143
A Mental Status Exam 143
B Cranial Nerve Exam 144
C Motor Exam 145
D Sensory Exam 145
E Reflexes 145
E Gait/Cerebellar 146
G Examination of the Comatose Patient 146
Eye Response 146
Verbal Response 146
Motor Response 147
Mental Status 147
Respiratory Pattern 147
Pupils 147
Extraocular Movements 148
Motor 148
Index 149
