Table of Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 From Software-Defined Radio to End-to-End Reconfigurability 2
1.1.1 Heterogeneity of RAT Standards 2
1.1.2 SDR as an Enabling Technology 6
1.2 Cognitive Radio 7
1.2.1 Basics of Cognitive Radio 8
1.2.2 Regulatory Landscape 10
1.2.3 State of the Art of CR 11
1.3 State-of-the-Art Devices 12
1.3.1 RF-BB Interface 13
1.3.2 Converters 14
1.3.3 Digital Front End (DFE) 16
1.3.4 Analog Front End (AFE) 16
1.3.5 Equipment Management for Reconfigurable Radio 16
1.4 Security Threats 18
1.5 Evolution of Radio Resource and Spectrum Management 19
1.6 Preview of the Book 21
References 23
Chapter 2 Enabling Technologies 25
2.1 SDR and Cognition as Building Concepts of Reconfigurable Systems 25
2.2 Design of an Optimal Transmit and Receive Architecture for a Reconfigurable Air Interface 27
2.2.1 Limits of the Single-User MIMO Channels 28
2.2.2 Precoding Schemes with Perfect and Partial CSI-T 32
2.2.3 General Framework for Air Interface Reconfigurability 36
2.2.4 Design of Multiuser Optimal TX and RX 37
2.3 Candidate PHY-Layer Techniques for Reconfigurable Air Interfaces 38
2.3.1 Downlink Scenario 38
2.3.2 Uplink Scenario 42
2.3.3 Exploiting the Diversity Gain 50
2.3.4 Exploiting the Multiplexing Gain 51
2.4 Practical Multistream Transmission Techniques 55
2.4.1 Single-Carrier Versus OFDM 55
2.4.2 Coexistence of SC-FDE and OFDM 56
2.4.3 MIMO for Single Carrier 56
2.4.4 Channel-Dependent Scheduling for SC-FDMA Uplink MIMO 57
2.4.5 SINR Distribution for SDM MIMO Schemes in DL 58
2.4.6 MIMO Mode Selection for Multiuser Scheduling 60
2.5 Air Interface Technologies forShort-Range Reconfigurability 64
2.6 Adaptive Antenna Systems and Use of Localization 69
2.7 Reconfigurable IA/MIMO Transceiver Algorithms 72
2.8 Conclusions 85
References 86
Chapter 3 Autonomic Communications 91
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 Capabilities of Autonomic Communications 92
3.2.1 Self-Configuration and Self-Management 94
3.2.2 Autonomic Decision Making 95
3.3 Profile Representation 95
3.3.1 User Profiles 96
3.3.2 Device Profiles 98
3.3.3 Network Models 98
3.3.4 General Concept of Profiles 99
3.4 Ontology and Context Models 99
3.4.1 Ontology 99
3.4.2 Context 100
3.4.3 Relation Between Ontology and Context 100
3.4.4 Representation for Ontology and Context 100
3.4.5 Role in Communications and System Aspects 101
3.4.6 Applications of Autonomics 102
3.5 Device Management 103
3.5.1 OMA DM Architecture and Enablers 104
3.5.2 Role of Device Management in Self-Management and Autonomic Decision Making 107
3.6 Operation Support Systems 107
3.6.1 Autonomous Next-Generation Networks 108
3.6.2 Network Evolution Toward Openness 109
3.7 Policy Framework for Opportunistic Communication 110
3.8 Unified Scenario on Autonomic Communications Systems for Seamless Experience 119
3.9 Conclusions 122
References 123
Chapter 4 System Capabilities 127
4.1 Introduction 127
4.2 Policy Management 128
4.3 Cognitive Service Provision and Discovery 130
4.4 Emergency Services 133
4.5 Context Interpretation 134
4.6 Self-Configuring Protocols 138
4.7 Mass Upgrade of Mobile Terminals 140
4.8 Handover 141
4.9 Formation of Network Compartments and Base Station Reconfiguration 143
4.10 Traffic Load Prediction and Balancing 144
4.11 Network Resource Management 146
4.12 RAT Discovery and Selection 147
4.13 Conclusions 148
References 149
Chapter 5 Principles and Analysis of Reconfigurable Architectures 151
5.1 Introduction 151
5.1.1 Multistandard Base Stations 153
5.1.2 Programmable Reconfigurable Radio 155
5.1.3 Requirements for a Reconfigurable PHY Layer 156
5.2 Reconfigurable Elements 156
5.2.1 Analog Reconfigurable Elements 157
5.2.2 Digital Reconfigurable Elements 157
5.3 Physical Layer-Related Scenarios and Requirements 159
5.4 Physical Layer Architecture Principles 160
5.4.1 Partitioning Overview 160
5.4.2 High-Level View of Architecture 162
5.5 Physical Layer Architecture Analysis 164
5.5.1 RF Front End Architecture 164
5.5.2 Digital Baseband Architecture 172
5.5.3 Communication Architectures 177
5.5.4 RF Front End to Digital Baseband Interface 179
5.5.5 Transmitter Architecture for Opportunistic Radio 180
5.6 Conclusions 185
References 185
Chapter 6 Reconfigurable Radio Equipment and Its Management 187
6.1 Introduction 187
6.2 Reconfigurable Management 189
6.2.1 Network Perspective 190
6.2.2 Equipment Perspective 203
6.3 Reconfiguration Control 215
6.3.1 CCM Simulations and Verifications 216
6.3.2 Configuration Control for MSBSs 216
6.3.3 Functional Description Language (FDL) Interpreter 218
6.3.4 Spatial Scheduling 219
6.4 Reconfiguration Elements 222
6.4.1 CEM-HAL Implementation 223
6.4.2 CEM Implementation: SAMIRA DSP 224
6.4.3 Adaptive Execution Environment 226
6.4.4 SW Architecture for Embedded Real-Time Processors 227
6.5 Conclusions 229
References 230
Chapter 7 Spectrum Management and Radio Resource Allocation 233
7.1 Introduction 233
7.2 Spectrum Sensing and Cooperative Sensing 235
7.3 Cooperation Protocols for Sensing 239
7.3.1 Centralized Sensing Approach 240
7.3.2 Distributed Sensing Approach 245
7.4 Spectrum and Cooperative Sensing Algorithms 246
7.4.1 Blind Cyclostationarity-Based Detection Test 246
7.4.2 Blind and Semiblind Detection Algorithms for Spread Spectrum Signals 247
7.4.3 Algorithm to Detect UMTS FDD Signals 250
7.4.4 Wideband Spectrum Sensing for OR Using Wavelet-Based Algorithms 251
7.4.5 Energy Detection Based on Multiple-Antenna Processing 253
7.4.6 Cooperative Extension of the UMTS FDD Signal Detector 255
7.5 Spectrum Policies and Economic Consideration 257
7.6 Conclusions 260
References 261
Chapter 8 Reconfiguration Threats and Security Objectives 263
8.1 Introduction 263
8.2 Reconfiguration Threats 264
8.3 Security Objectives 266
8.3.1 Reconfiguration Software Download 266
8.3.2 Reconfiguration Process 266
8.3.3 Compliance of Radio Emission 267
8.4 Reconfiguration Software Authorization 268
8.4.1 Relevant Security Technology 268
8.4.2 Software Download Authorization 270
8.4.3 Software Activation Restrictions 273
8.4.4 Restricted Radio Execution Environment 274
8.4.5 Reconfiguration Software Authorization Policy Framework 274
8.5 Secure Execution Environment 275
8.5.1 Hardware Support 275
8.5.2 Software Support 276
8.5.3 Equipment-Related Prototype Providing Security Mechanisms 277
8.6 Authentication and Trust Framework 278
8.6.1 Security Infrastructures for Reconfiguration 278
8.6.2 Trust Management and Dependencies 282
8.7 Challenges in the Reconfiguration Process 284
8.8 Conclusions 287
References 288
Chapter 9 Prototyping and Requirements of the Reconfigurable Platform 291
9.1 Introduction 291
9.2 Equipment Prototyping 293
9.2.1 FAUST SoC 295
9.2.2 Dual Bank RF and ADDAC Board 296
9.2.3 MT Local Functionalities 299
9.2.4 ADC/Digital Front End 300
9.2.5 SAMIRA DSP 301
9.2.6 FPGA Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration 304
9.2.7 Parameterization and Common Operator Approach 304
9.2.8 Hierarchical Management 305
9.2.9 Hierarchical Configuration Management Architecture 307
9.2.10 FPGA Partial Reconfiguration 308
9.2.11 Common Operator-Oriented Design for FPGA Partial Reconfiguration 310
9.2.12 Reconfiguration Concepts for the Physical Layer of an MSBS 310
9.2.13 Detection of Vacant Radio Resources 312
9.3 Network Prototyping 312
9.3.1 Reconfriguration Control and Service Provisioning Manager (RCSPM) 313
9.3.2 RCSPM User Agent 315
9.3.3 ASM/ARRM Prototyping Demonstration Framework 317
9.3.4 Real-Time Platform for Mobility and QoS and Reconfiguration Management 320
9.3.5 Radio Resource Management (RRM) 323
9.4 Adaptive Applications 327
9.5 Conclusions 328
References 328
Chapter 10 Concluding Remarks 331
About the Authors 337
Index 341
