Table of Contents
Preface iOutline of contents iiChapter 1 - Geometrical optics 11.1 Characteristics of lasers 21.2 The three fundamental characteristics of light which form the basis of geometrical optics 31.3 Fermat’s principle 41.4 Principle of reversibility 71.5 Paraxial theory using thin lenses 71.6 The five Seidel aberrations 151.7 The sine condition 211.8 Aplanatic lenses 231.9 Reflection and transmission 24
Chapter 2 - Examples of simple optical design using paraxial theory 272.1 Types of lenses 282.2 Applied calculations for simple optical systems 352.3 Considerations relating to the design of laser optical systems 42
Chapter 3 - Ray tracing applications of paraxial theory 473.1 Deriving the equations for ray tracing using paraxial theory 483.2 Problems of ray tracing calculations using paraxial theory 50
Chapter 4 - Two-dimensional ray tracing 534.1 Ray tracing for a spherical surface 544.2 Ray tracing for a plane surface 564.3 Ray tracing for an aspheric surface (using VBA programming) 574.4 Ray tracing for an aberration-free lens 604.5 Optical path length calculation for an aberration-free lens 624.6 Ray tracing for an optical system which is set at a tilt 654.7 How to use the ray trace calculation table 684.8 A method for generating a ray trace calculation table using a VBA program 734.9 Sample ray tracing problems 76
Chapter 5 - Three-dimensional ray tracing 1015.1 Three-dimensional ray tracing for a spherical surface 1025.2 Three-dimensional ray tracing for a cylindrical surface 1055.3 Simulation for two cylindrical lenses which are fixed longitudinally (or laterally) but allowed to rotate slightly around the optical axis 1065.4 Three-dimensional ray tracing for a plane surface which is perpendicular to the optical axis 1085.5 Three-dimensional ray tracing for an aberration-free lens 1095.6 Three-dimensional ray tracing for a lens which is set at a tilt 1155.7 How to use the three-dimensional ray trace calculation table 1215.8 Operating instructions for using the ray trace calculation table, while running the VBA program 1255.9 Three dimensional ray tracing problems 128
Chapter 6 - Mathematical formulae for describing wave motion 1376.1 Mathematical formulae for describing wave motion 1386.2 Describing waves with complex exponential functions 1426.3 Problems relating to wave motion 146
Chapter 7 - Calculations for focusing Gaussian beams 1497.1 What is a Gaussian beam? 1507.2 Equations for focusing a Gaussian beam 1547.3 The
M2 (M squared) factor 1567.4 Sample Gaussian beam focusing problems 159
Chapter 8 - Diffraction: theory and calculations 1678.1 The concept of diffraction 1688.2 Diffraction at a slit aperture 1708.3 Diffraction calculations using numerical integration 1718.4 Diffraction at a rectangular aperture 1738.5 Diffraction at a circular aperture 1748.6 Diffraction wave generated after the incident wave exits a focusing lens 1778.7 Diffraction calculation problems 178
Chapter 9 - Calculations for Gaussian beam diffraction 1839.1 The power and the central irradiance of a Gaussian beam 1849.2 General equations for waves diffracted by an aperture 1899.3 Diffraction wave equations for a focused beam 1919.4 Diffraction wave equations for a collimated beam 1949.5 Diffraction calculation program 1979.6 Operating instructions for diffraction calculation programs 1989.7 Gaussian beam diffraction calculation problems 206
Appendix 219Appendix A Paraxial theory: A detailed account 220Appendix B A table of refractive indices for BK7 225Appendix C Equations for plane waves, spherical waves and Gaussian beams 226Appendix D Numerical integration methods 239Appendix E Fresnel diffraction and Fraunhofer diffraction 241Appendix F Wave-front conversion by a lens 245Appendix G List of Excel calculation files on the companion Website 247References 249 Index 250