Table of Contents
Author's preface xi
Frequently used abbreviations xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Context and the issues at stake 4
1.2 Introducing the Norwegian police 6
1.2.1 The development of 'the police' 6
1.2.2 The history of the Norwegian state and its police 7
1.2.3 Modem police systems 12
1.3 On sovereignty 13
1.3.1 Territory and authority 14
1.4 Methods 16
1.4.1 Studying international police cooperation 17
1.4.2 The EU body of law and regulations 20
1.4.3 Limitations 20
1.5 Research questions and the way forward 22
1.5.1 A short guide to the book 22
Part I Norway and the EU 25
2 The Police Act of 1995: the modern Norwegian police organisation 27
2.1 Police work in Norway: what should the police do, and how should they do it? 27
2.1.1 General measures 30
2.2 Police competences, including rules of conduct and procedure 33
2.3 Context and synthesis of the 1995 Police Act 35
2.4 The structure and units of the Norwegian police 36
2.4.1 The general structure 36
2.4.2 Organisational structure of the operational police 38
2.4.3 Everyone's responsibility and duty to police 40
3 The Nordic police cooperation outside of the EU system 42
4 The development of EU crime control policies and the Norwegian (non) membership 45
4.1 From World War II to Schengen 45
4.2 The EC via the Single Market to the Union 45
4.3 The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, and the constitutional changes 47
5 The development of police cooperation within the EU 50
5.1 Council of Europe 50
5.2 TREVI - Europol 51
5.2.1 TREVI 51
5.2.2 EDU-Europol 52
5.2.3 Norway in Europol 55
6 Norway - inside or outside? 57
6.1 Norway and the EEA 57
6.2 The Schengen cooperation 58
6.3 From 'No' to 'Yes, please': what changed? 59
7 Internal sovereignty: the question of membership 62
7.1 Becoming a member 62
7.2 The obligation to justify 64
7.3 Two justifications: Nordic relations and cross-border crime 65
7.3.1 Sliding justifications 67
7.4 Moving in: From the EEA to the Schengen 69
7.5 Considering sovereignty infringements 71
7.5.1 The constitutional alternatives 72
7.5.2 The question of significant sovereignty 75
8 External sovereignty: Norway and EU institutions 79
8.1 The EU political institutions 79
8.2 The court of Justice of the European Union 81
8.2.1 Legislative procedure post-Lisbon 83
8.3 Influence and the Schengen Mixed Committee 84
8.4 Foreign courts with jurisdiction over Norwegian police activities 85
8.4.1 The ESA and the EFTA Court 85
8.4.2 CJEU and Norway 86
8.5 Jurisdiction and investigation 87
8.6 Effects for the state and state sovereignty 89
8.6.1 The social contract 92
8.6.2 The EU as a state? 92
Part II EU police cooperation: the practical regulations and their impact on Norway 97
9 Information exchange and analysis 99
9.1 Informational police work in Norway 100
9.2 The Schengen information cooperation 101
9.2.1 The Schengen Information System (SIS) 103
9.2.2 SIS contents, access and processing rules 103
9.3 Other available databases 110
9.3.1 Prüm 111
9.3.2 Immigration data systems 112
9.3.3 Europol information databases 119
9.4 Eurojust 126
9.5 Differences and similarities between the systems 129
10 Actions following hits in the databases 134
10.1 Requests for surveillance or specific checks 134
10.2 Arrest 135
10.2.1 Arrest after a SIS hit 135
10.2.2 Europol and Eurojust arrest 138
11 Liaison officers: between operational and non-operational cooperation 140
12 National law enforcement on foreign territory: operational cooperation 142
12.1 The development and content of the relevant Norwegian legal basis 143
12.2 Hot pursuit and cross-border surveillance 145
12.2.1 The grounds for crossing borders 145
12.2.2 General rules for hot pursuit and surveillance 152
12.3 Controlled deliveries and covert investigation 160
12.3.1 Controlled deliveries 160
12.3.2 Covert investigation 163
12.4 Considering the operational cooperation 169
13 Joint operations and investigations 171
13.1 Joint investigation teams 172
13.1.1 Requirements for JITs 173
13.1.2 Members, leadership and competences of seconded members 176
13.1.3 Finance and funding 178
13.1.4 The role of Europol and Eurojust 179
13.1.5 Use of information from JITs 181
13.1.6 The Nordic joint investigation teams 182
13.1.7 Discussing the legal changes of foreign police powers 183
13.1.8 The parallel investigations alternative 185
13.2 Joint operations 186
13.2.1 Overview 186
13.2.2 Regulations common in Articles 17 and 18 189
13.2.3 Joint patrolling 190
13.2.4 Public order assistance 191
13.2.5 A Nordic version 195
13.3 Managing investigation in Norway 198
13.4 Discussing the development of operational cooperation, joint operations and investigations 201
14 Impact on the Norwegian police 205
14.1 The wider effects of the Norwegian Schengen cooperation 206
14.1.1 Changesin the policing situation and crime focus 207
14.1.2 Examining a changed Norwegian police culture 212
14.2 Extraterritorial proximity policing 214
14.2.1 A skewed police focus? 215
14.2.2 Threat assessments and the Norwegian perception of reality 217
14.2.3 Security and order 220
15 Impact on Norwegian society 225
15.1 The public 226
15.1.1 Repressive effects 226
15.12 Policing, security and immigration control 230
15.2 The concepts of the Police Act section 1: what do 'state' and- 'community' mean? 237
15.3 An EU sovereign? 240
15.4 Concept change in a post-Westphalian system 242
15.5 Outlook: A return to proximity policing 245
16 Bibliography 248
16.1 Norwegian legislation and public documents 263
16.1.1 Norwegian legislation 263
16.1.2 Norwegian administrative and parliamentary documents 264
16.1.3 Norwegian regulations, directives, circulars, instructions 266
16.2 Nordic legislation, agreements and other documents 267
16.3 European Union policy and legislative documents 268
16.4 International conventions 273
16.5 Court decisions 274
16.6 Reports, opinions, policy papers, etc. 275
Index 277
