Possessed Landscapes: Experiments in Conservation and Sovereignty in Southeast Myanmar
When spirits guard forests, conservation becomes revolution—and liberation grows from the soil

In 2011 Myanmar emerged from what was by some counts the longest ongoing war in the world. Amid the flurry of ceasefires and constitutional reforms, Indigenous communities moved to reterritorialize land that was fiercely contested in the preceding decades of conflict. In southeast Myanmar, the Indigenous people of Karen State, activists, and revolutionaries transformed their war-torn land into the Salween Peace Park—a conservation area that is home not only to endangered species like tigers and gibbons but also to territorial spirits and ancestors.

Set in the highlands of the Myanmar-Thai border, Possessed Landscapes introduces a world where land is understood as both spiritually inhabited and politically claimed. Pwakanyaw cosmologies blur boundaries between human and more-than-human ownership, presence, and possession. Anthropologist Tomas Cole’s concept of more-than-human political ecology captures the nuanced, playful, and often deeply strategic ways in which local communities negotiate power, land, and identity amid civil war and state violence. Through vibrant ethnography and grounded political analysis, Cole illuminates how Indigenous Karen communities and their allies are defining conservation, autonomy, and peace building on their own terms.

A case study in reimagining sovereignty through ecological stewardship, Possessed Landscapes is essential reading for scholars and practitioners in anthropology, environmental humanities, and peace and conflict studies, as well as anyone seeking to understand how revolutionary politics and conservation can be inseparably entwined.

1147337906
Possessed Landscapes: Experiments in Conservation and Sovereignty in Southeast Myanmar
When spirits guard forests, conservation becomes revolution—and liberation grows from the soil

In 2011 Myanmar emerged from what was by some counts the longest ongoing war in the world. Amid the flurry of ceasefires and constitutional reforms, Indigenous communities moved to reterritorialize land that was fiercely contested in the preceding decades of conflict. In southeast Myanmar, the Indigenous people of Karen State, activists, and revolutionaries transformed their war-torn land into the Salween Peace Park—a conservation area that is home not only to endangered species like tigers and gibbons but also to territorial spirits and ancestors.

Set in the highlands of the Myanmar-Thai border, Possessed Landscapes introduces a world where land is understood as both spiritually inhabited and politically claimed. Pwakanyaw cosmologies blur boundaries between human and more-than-human ownership, presence, and possession. Anthropologist Tomas Cole’s concept of more-than-human political ecology captures the nuanced, playful, and often deeply strategic ways in which local communities negotiate power, land, and identity amid civil war and state violence. Through vibrant ethnography and grounded political analysis, Cole illuminates how Indigenous Karen communities and their allies are defining conservation, autonomy, and peace building on their own terms.

A case study in reimagining sovereignty through ecological stewardship, Possessed Landscapes is essential reading for scholars and practitioners in anthropology, environmental humanities, and peace and conflict studies, as well as anyone seeking to understand how revolutionary politics and conservation can be inseparably entwined.

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Possessed Landscapes: Experiments in Conservation and Sovereignty in Southeast Myanmar

Possessed Landscapes: Experiments in Conservation and Sovereignty in Southeast Myanmar

Possessed Landscapes: Experiments in Conservation and Sovereignty in Southeast Myanmar

Possessed Landscapes: Experiments in Conservation and Sovereignty in Southeast Myanmar

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Overview

When spirits guard forests, conservation becomes revolution—and liberation grows from the soil

In 2011 Myanmar emerged from what was by some counts the longest ongoing war in the world. Amid the flurry of ceasefires and constitutional reforms, Indigenous communities moved to reterritorialize land that was fiercely contested in the preceding decades of conflict. In southeast Myanmar, the Indigenous people of Karen State, activists, and revolutionaries transformed their war-torn land into the Salween Peace Park—a conservation area that is home not only to endangered species like tigers and gibbons but also to territorial spirits and ancestors.

Set in the highlands of the Myanmar-Thai border, Possessed Landscapes introduces a world where land is understood as both spiritually inhabited and politically claimed. Pwakanyaw cosmologies blur boundaries between human and more-than-human ownership, presence, and possession. Anthropologist Tomas Cole’s concept of more-than-human political ecology captures the nuanced, playful, and often deeply strategic ways in which local communities negotiate power, land, and identity amid civil war and state violence. Through vibrant ethnography and grounded political analysis, Cole illuminates how Indigenous Karen communities and their allies are defining conservation, autonomy, and peace building on their own terms.

A case study in reimagining sovereignty through ecological stewardship, Possessed Landscapes is essential reading for scholars and practitioners in anthropology, environmental humanities, and peace and conflict studies, as well as anyone seeking to understand how revolutionary politics and conservation can be inseparably entwined.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780295754208
Publisher: University of Washington Press
Publication date: 12/16/2025
Series: Culture, Place, and Nature
Pages: 244
Product dimensions: 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x (d)
Age Range: 18 Years

About the Author

Tomas Cole is a postdoctoral fellow of social anthropology at Stockholm University.

What People are Saying About This

Liana Chua

"A rich, evocative ethnography that offers original and important insights into Indigenous life and politics in Southeast Asia. Cole takes seriously Indigenous ‘radical experiments’ in conservation and autonomy as they seek to generate sovereign futures on their own terms. What emerges is a compelling picture that invites us to imagine profound alternatives to extant models of conservation and peace building."

Sophie Chao

"Compellingly demonstrates how grassroots experimentations with Indigenous governance help inform and challenge dominant practices of conservation. It also invites a critical reimagination of how conservation intersects with autonomy and peace building, the implications of which are relevant to Myanmar and well beyond."

Ward Keeler

"Drawing upon ethnographic experience, a nimble facility with theory, and clear awareness of how urgent the issue of land use is, Cole shows how much is at stake when Indigenous residents, in league with the spirts of their ancestors, confront profit-seeking outsiders and government officials to contest the diverse meanings of ‘possession.’ A signal contribution to Southeast Asian studies that will inform consideration of people’s relations to land far beyond the region as well.”"

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