Table of Contents
List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes xiii
List of Case Studies xvii
Foreword xix
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Authors xxiii
Chapter 1: Invitation to Explore 1
Our Purpose 2
What Is Qualitative Research? 4
Getting Started 11
Key Terms 13
Review Questions 14
References 14
Chapter 2: The Language and Logic of Qualitative Research 17
Frameworks for Research: Paradigms, Theories, and Conceptual Models 18
Using Qualitative Methods to Develop Theory 27
Substantive Theories and Conceptual Models 28
Standards for Qualitative Research 35
Summary 38
Key Terms 39
Recommended Readings 40
Review Questions 40
References 40
Chapter 3: Designing the Study 45
Background and Rationale 47
Developing Study Objectives 53
Using Documentary Sources 54
Data From Human Subjects 55
Data Collection Methods 61
Collecting Data 71
Analyzing the Data 72
Disseminating Results 74
Research Ethics: Decisions for the Protection of Study Participants 74
Other Considerations: Budget and Time 78
Summary 79
Key Terms 79
Recommended Readings 81
Review Questions 81
References 81
Chapter 4: Collecting Qualitative Data 85
Observation 86
Interviews and Focus Groups 98
Structured Data Collection Techniques 127
Summary 134
Key Terms 135
Review Questions 137
Recommended Readings 137
References 138
Chapter 5: Logistics in the Field 143
Introduction to the Community: Building Rapport 145
Involving Policymakers and Change Agents 148
Developing the Field Team 150
Training 152
Field Materials 157
Pilot Testing 158
Field Logistics 159
Supervision and Monitoring 161
Generating Data Files 162
Transcription and Translation 163
Data Management and Storage 165
Timelines and Budgets 166
Summary 168
Key Terms 169
Review Questions 170
Recommended Readings 170
References 171
Chapter 6: Qualitative Data Analysis 173
Basic Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis 175
Step 1. Reading: Developing an Intimate Relationship with the Data 176
Step 2. Coding: Identifying the Emerging Themes 179
Computer Software 189
Step 3. Displaying Data: Distinguishing Nuances of a Topic 199
Developing Hypotheses, Questioning, and Verifying 201
Step 4. Data Reduction: Getting the Big Picture 204
Step 5. Interpretation 207
Establishing Trustworthiness 212
Summary 215
Key Terms 216
Review Questions 217
Recommended Readings 217
References 217
Chapter 7: Disseminating Qualitative Research 219
Research Ethics Require Dissemination 222
An Inclusive Dissemination Process Promotes Use 223
How to Develop a Communication and Dissemination Strategy 224
Choosing a Format for Dissemination 240
Summary 249
Key Terms 250
Review Questions 250
Recommended Readings 250
References 251
Chapter 8: Putting It Into Words 255
The Role of Writing in Responsible Conduct of Research 256
Before You Write 258
Writing Your Article or Report 267
After You Write 284
Summary 291
Key Terms 292
Review Questions 292
Recommended Readings 292
References 293
Appendix 1: Case Studies 295
Appendix 2: Examples of Oral Consent Forms 347
Appendix 3: Participant Observation Notes 351
Appendix 4: Topic Guides With Pictures 359
Appendix 5: Sample Interviewer Training Program Agendas and Training Schedules 369
Appendix 6: Sample Budget Categories for Planning Qualitative Data Collection 373
Appendix 7: Coding Summary Report 377
Appendix 8: Example of Data Analysis Memo 383
Appendix 9: Making Study Findings Accessible to Other Researchers 387
Appendix 10: Dissemination Materials for Community Stakeholders 395
Appendix 11: Sample Briefs to Share Qualitative Study Findings with Policy Audiences 405
Appendix 12: Sample Dissemination Strategy for Advocacy 413
Appendix 13: Where to Publish 417
Appendix 14: Who Is an Author? 431
Index 433
