Table of Contents
Introduction xv
Chapter 1 Material Strength 1
1.1 Compression and traction 3
1.2 Pure flexion 5
1.3 Shear strain 7
1.4 Torsion 8
1.4.1 Circular section 9
1.4.2 Applying this to a circle 9
1.4.3 Rectangular section 9
1.5 Spherical shell theory 10
1.6 Cylindrical shell theory 12
Chapter 2 Concrete 15
2.1 Overview 15
2.2 The composition of the concrete 21
2.2.1 Cement 21
2.2.2 Aggregates 21
2.2.3 Mixing water 22
2.2.4 Adjuvants 22
2.2.5 The mechanical characteristics of concrete 23
Chapter 3 Ministerial Guidelines of October 20, 1906, on the Use of Reinforced Concrete 27
3.1 Overview 27
3.2 Calculation bases: requirements 28
3.2.1 Basic requirements 28
3.2.2 Project usage duration 28
3.2.3 Thermal effects 29
3.2.4 Settlements and differential movements 29
3.2.5 Material properties 29
3.3 Materials 29
3.3.1 Concrete 29
3.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 31
3.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 32
3.4.1 Overview 32
3.4.2 Durability requirement 33
3.4.3 Cover 33
3.5 Structural analysis 34
3.5.1 Overview 34
3.5.2 Loads cases and combinations 34
3.5.3 Second-order effects 34
3.5.4 Modeling the structure 34
3.6 Calculating the structures 35
3.6.1 Simple compression 35
3.6.2 Compression with bending 35
3.6.3 Bending 36
3.6.4 Buckling 37
3.6.5 Design 38
3.7 Constructive provisions 41
3.7.1 Pouring concrete 42
3.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and formwork 42
3.7.3 Construction joints of concrete 42
3.7.4 Curing of the concrete 42
Chapter 4 The January 1913 Technical Note on the Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Works 45
4.1 Overview 45
4.2 Calculation bases 45
4.3 Materials 46
4.3.1 Concrete 46
4.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 46
4.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 47
4.5 Structural analysis 47
4.6 Calculation of the structures 47
4.6.1 Simple compression 47
4.6.2 Bending 48
4.7 Examples of finished structures 52
4.7.1 1927 tank 52
4.7.2 1928 tanks 57
4.7.3 The “Pauchot reinforced stone” 71
4.7.4 Hangar for two airships in Luçon (Vendée, France) 73
Chapter 5. The Ministerial Guidelines of July 19, 1934 on the Use of Reinforced Concrete 75
5.1 Overview 75
5.2 Calculation bases: requirements 77
5.2.1 Basic requirements 77
5.2.2 Project usage duration 77
5.2.3 Thermal effects 77
5.2.4 Settlements and differential movements 77
5.2.5 Material properties 77
5.3 Materials 78
5.3.1 Concrete 78
5.3.2 Reinforced concrete steel 79
5.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 81
5.4.1 Overview 81
5.4.2 Durability 81
5.4.3 Cover 81
5.5 Structural analysis 82
5.5.1 Overview 82
5.5.2 Load combinations 82
5.5.3 Second-order effects 82
5.5.4 Structural modeling 83
5.6 Structural calculations 83
5.6.1 Simple compression 83
5.6.2 Compression with bending 83
5.6.3 Bending 84
5.6.4 Buckling 84
5.6.5 Example of simple compression calculation 85
5.7 Constructive provisions 86
5.7.1 Concrete pouring 86
5.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and the formwork 87
5.7.3 Construction joints treatment 87
5.7.4 Note No 1: Appendix II 87
5.7.5 Note No 2: Regulation on reinforced concrete constructions (emanating from the Trade Union Chamber in January 1930) 88
5.8 Comments 91
5.8.1 General comments 91
5.8.2 Comparison between the 1906 and 1934 regulations 93
5.8.3 Practical data 96
5.8.4 Examples of the Boussiron hangars 97
Chapter 6 BA 45 Regulations 107
6.1 Overview 107
6.2 Calculation bases: requirements 108
6.2.1 Basic requirements 108
6.2.2 Project usage duration 108
6.2.3 Thermal effects 108
6.2.4 Differential settlements and movements 108
6.3 Materials 109
6.3.1 Concrete 109
6.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 110
6.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 111
6.4.1 Overview 111
6.4.2 Durability 112
6.4.3 Cover 112
6.5 Structural analysis 112
6.5.1 Overview 112
6.5.2 Load combinations 112
6.5.3 Second-order effects 113
6.5.4 Modeling the structure 113
6.6 Structural calculations 113
6.6.1 Simple compression 113
6.6.2 Compression with bending 114
6.6.3 Bending 115
6.6.4 Buckling 119
6.7 Constructive provisions 120
6.7.1 Pouring concrete 120
6.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and the formwork 120
6.7.3 Construction joint treatment 121
6.7.4 Concrete curing 121
6.7.5 Concrete inspection tests 121
6.8 Application to the calculation of circular tanks 121
6.8.1 Calculation of the main reinforcements 121
6.8.2 Calculating the distribution reinforcement 123
6.8.3 Calculation of concrete wall thicknesses 123
6.8.4 Cover dome study 125
6.8.5 Vertical wall study 127
6.8.6 Truncated cone study 128
6.8.7 Bottom dome study 130
6.9 Practical considerations on tank design according to the 1945 regulations 133
6.9.1 Tank compartmentalization 133
6.9.2 The tank cover 134
6.9.3 The external vertical walls of the tank 134
6.9.4 The interior vertical walls of the tank 134
6.9.5 Bottom dome 134
6.9.6 Tank support 135
6.9.7 General recommendations 136
6.10 Practical considerations on the design of silos according to the 1945 regulations 137
6.10.1 Overview 137
6.10.2 Formulas determined by the 1943 commission 139
6.10.3 Overpressure in cells during emptying 142
6.10.4 Example of calculating the size of a square cell in reinforced concrete according to the previous formulas 144
Chapter 7 BA 60 Regulations (Modified in 1964) 147
7.1 Overview 147
7.2 Calculation bases: requirements 148
7.2.1 Basic requirements 148
7.2.2 Project usage duration 148
7.2.3 Thermal effects 148
7.2.4 Shrinking and differential movements 149
7.3 Materials 149
7.3.1 Concrete 149
7.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 152
7.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 154
7.4.1 Overview 154
7.4.2 Durability requirement 154
7.4.3 Cover 155
7.5 Structural analysis 155
7.5.1 Overview 155
7.5.2 Load combinations 155
7.5.3 Second-order effects 156
7.5.4 Structural modeling 156
7.6 Structural calculations 156
7.6.1 Compression simple 156
7.6.2 Bending–compression with bending 156
7.6.3 Tensile strength 159
7.6.4 Buckling 159
7.6.5 Punching shear 161
7.6.6 Torsion 162
7.7 Constructive provisions 165
7.7.1 Concrete pouring 165
7.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and formwork 165
7.7.3 Concrete joints 165
7.7.4 Concrete setting 165
7.7.5 Concrete control tests 165
7.7.6 Constructive arrangements of the reinforcements 166
7.8 Application to tank calculation 169
7.8.1 Flat wall tanks 169
7.8.2 Circular tanks 171
7.9 1964 Amendment (circular no 70 of November 14, 1964) 174
7.10 Tanks: 1966 CSNCCABP specifications 176
7.10.1 Classification of structures – waterproofing criterion 176
7.10.2 Concrete composition and exposure class 176
7.10.3 Note on the justification of the tanks with BA 60 177
7.10.4 Minimum constructive provisions 178
7.11 Comparison between booklet 61 and the BA 60 regulations 179
Chapter 8 Ccba 68 183
8.1 Overview 183
8.2 Calculation bases: requirements 184
8.2.1 Basic requirements 184
8.2.2 Project duration 185
8.2.3 Thermal effects 185
8.2.4 Settlement and differential movements 185
8.2.5 Material properties 185
8.3 Materials 186
8.3.1 Concrete 186
8.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 189
8.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 192
8.4.1 Overview 192
8.4.2 Durability requirement 192
8.4.3 Cover 192
8.5 Structural analysis 192
8.5.1 Overview 192
8.5.2 Load combinations 193
8.5.3 Second-order effects 195
8.5.4 Structural modeling 195
8.6 Calculation of structures 195
8.6.1 Simple compression 195
8.6.2 Bending–compression with bending 197
8.6.3 Traction 199
8.6.4 Punching stress 199
8.6.5 Buckling 200
8.7 Constructive provisions 201
8.7.1 Concrete pouring 201
8.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and formwork 201
8.7.3 Concrete joint 202
8.7.4 Concrete setting 202
8.8 Comparison between the 1960 regulation (revised in 1964) and that of 1968 (revised in 1970) 202
8.9 Example of calculating an underground tank 204
8.9.1 Full tank 207
8.9.2 Empty tank 208
8.10 Earthquake Regulations of 1969 209
8.10.1 Overview 209
8.10.2 Principles of seismic design 211
8.10.3 Special regulations for reinforced concrete structures 212
8.10.4 Calculation method of reinforced concrete structures 212
8.10.5 Structural calculation methods 214
8.11 Special cases of silos 220
8.11.1 Overview 220
8.11.2 Determining actions on the vertical walls and the bottom of a silo 223
8.11.3 Determining nominal actions on the vertical walls and the bottom of a silo with normal emptying 224
8.11.4 Determining nominal actions on the vertical walls and the bottom of a silo with abnormal emptying 225
8.11.5 Special requirements for reinforced concrete structures 229
8.11.6 Example: determining the dimensions of a reinforced concrete silo 232
Chapter 9 BAEL 80 Regulations 237
9.1 Overview 237
9.2 Calculation bases: requirements 240
9.2.1 Basic requirements 240
9.2.2 Project service life 241
9.2.3 Thermal effects 241
9.2.4 Differential settlements 242
9.2.5 Material properties 242
9.3 Materials 243
9.3.1 Concrete 243
9.3.2 Reinforced concrete steels 244
9.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 247
9.4.1 Overview 247
9.4.2 Durability requirements 247
9.4.3 Cover 248
9.5 Structural analysis 249
9.5.1 Overview 249
9.5.2 Load combinations 249
9.5.3 Second-order effects 251
9.5.4 Modeling the structure 252
9.6 Structural calculations 252
9.6.1 Simple compression 252
9.6.2 Compression with flexion 253
9.6.3 Bending 254
9.6.4 Buckling 258
9.6.5 Justifications for tangent stresses 258
9.7 Constructive provisions 260
9.7.1 Pouring concrete 260
9.7.2 Distance between reinforcements and between reinforcements and formwork 260
9.7.3 Concrete recovery 261
9.7.4 Vacuum thrust 261
9.7.5 Special provisions of compressed elements 261
9.7.6 Slabs on continuous supports 262
9.8 Special case of tanks: booklet 74 of 1983 263
9.8.1 Classification of structures in terms of waterproofing 263
9.8.2 Constructive provisions 264
9.8.3 Loads 264
9.9 Special case of tanks: booklet 74 of 1998 266
9.9.1 Classification of structures in terms of waterproofing 266
9.9.2 Constructive provisions 268
9.9.3 Requirements for slabs and tank undersides resting directly on the ground 268
9.9.4 Special provisions for domes 269
9.9.5 Loads 269
9.9.6 Specific provisions 270
9.10 Special case of silos: professional regulations of 1986 271
9.10.1 Load combinations 271
9.10.2 Section supporting calculations 272
9.10.3 Storage warehouses and tank silos 273
9.11 The 1969 earthquake regulations revised in 1982 275
9.12 The 1991 amendments to the BAEL 1983 regulations 276
9.13 The 1995 amendments to the PS regulations 284
9.13.1 Provisions common to beams and posts 290
9.13.2 Specific provisions for bent elements 290
9.13.3 Specific provisions for compressed elements 291
9.13.4 Knot-specific provisions 292
9.13.5 Specific provisions for walls 292
9.13.6 Specific arrangements for the slabs and diaphragms 293
9.13.7 Behavioral coefficient 293
9.13.8 Safety check 295
Chapter 10 European, American and Russian Normative Codes 297
10.1 European codes (Eurocodes) 297
10.1.1 Overview 297
10.1.2 Eurocodes calculation bases 298
10.1.3 Structural analysis 303
10.1.4 Mastering cracking 304
10.2 The American Code ACI 318 M-19 305
10.2.1 Overview 305
10.2.2 Calculation requirements 306
10.2.3 Materials 307
10.2.4 Durability and cover of reinforcements 308
10.2.5 Structural analysis 313
10.2.6 Structural calculations 315
10.2.7 Constructive provisions 321
10.3 The Russian standard SP63.13330.2018 324
10.3.1 Overview 324
10.3.2 Calculation bases 324
10.3.3 Requirements 325
10.3.4 Project life time 326
10.3.5 Thermal effects 326
10.3.6 Settlements and differential movements 326
10.3.7 Materials 326
10.3.8 Durability and concrete cover 329
10.3.9 Structural analysis 331
10.3.10 Structural calculations 334
10.3.11 Constructive provisions: standard SP70.13330.2012 338
Appendices 341
Appendix 1 Characteristics of the Steel Used in the Different Regulations 343
Appendix 2 Characteristics of Concrete Used in the Various Regulations 347
Appendix 3 Example of Calculations According to the Different Regulations 349
References 355
Index 357
