Table of Contents
Preface xvii Chapter 1. Photovoltaic Electricity Production 1 Jean-Claude MULLER
1.1. Introduction 2
1.2. Photovoltaic conversion 3
1.3. Cells with a crystalline silicon base 5
1.4. Cells in thin films 10
1.5. Photovoltaic market 17
1.6. Prospects for photovoltaic electricity development 22
1.7. Bibliography 23
Chapter 2. Photovoltaic Systems Connected to the Grid 25 Seddik BACHA and Daniel CHATROUX
2.1. Problems of photovoltaic power generation connected to the grid 25
2.2. General remarks on connection 28
2.3. Physical architectures 30
2.4. Constraints related to supplying energy to the utility grid 34
2.5. Algorithmic architectures 38
2.6. Conclusion 42
2.7. Bibliography 43
Chapter 3. Solar Heating 45 Christophe MARVILLET
3.1. Introduction 45
3.2. Available energy from the sun 49
3.3. Flat solar panels 53
3.4. Solar heating systems 58
3.5. Bibliography 62
Chapter 4. Solar Thermodynamic Power Stations 63 Alain FERRIÈRE
Introduction 63
4.1. Concentrating solar power technologies 65
4.2. The state of the art 84
4.3. Prospects 94
4.4. Bibliography 102
Chapter 5. Wind Systems Technology 103 Régine BELHOMME, Daniel ROYE and Nicolas LAVERDURE
5.1. Introduction: wind power today 103
5.2. Description of a wind generator 104
5.3. Operation of a wind turbine 106
5.4. Bibliography 136
Chapter 6. Integration of Wind Turbine Generators into the Grid 143 Régine BELHOMME, Daniel ROYE and Nicolas LAVERDURE
6.1. Connection to the grid 143
6.2. Comparison of technologies and conclusion 169
6.3. Bibliography 171
6.4. Appendix: symbol table 177
Chapter 7. Marine Energy Resources Conversion Systems 181 Bernard MULTON, Alain CLÉMENT, Marie RUELLAN, Julien SEIGNEURBIEUX and Hamid BEN AHMED
7.1. Introduction 181
7.2. Electricity productivity from marine resources 183
7.3. Ocean wave generator systems (WEC: wave energy converters) 188
7.4. Tidal energy converters (TEC) 202
7.5. Other conversion systems 214
7.6. Conclusion 221
7.7. Bibliography 223
Chapter 8. Small Hydropower 227 Raymond CHENAL, Aline CHOULOT, Vincent DENIS and Norbert TISSOT
8.1. Introduction 227
8.2. What is small hydropower? 229
8.3. Hydraulic energy 231
8.4. The exploitation of hydraulic force 233
8.5. Potential 244
8.6. Research & Development in small hydropower 245
8.7. Environmental aspects of small hydropower 249
8.8. Policies favoring small hydropower 254
8.9. Conclusions 257
8.10. Bibliography 258
Chapter 9. Geothermal Energy Production 261 Florence JAUDIN and Laurent LE BEL
9.1. Introduction 261
9.2. Geothermal energy: why, for whom and how? 262
9.3. Geothermal heat pump systems 269
9.4. Direct production of heat 286
9.5. Electricity production.301
9.6. Glossary 320
9.7. Bibliography 325
Chapter 10. Biofuels 329 Frédéric MONOT, Jean-Luc DUPLAN, Nathalie ALAZARD-TOUX and Stéphane HIS
10.1. The place of biofuels in the energy environment 329
10.2. Current systems 345
10.3. Future systems: use of lignocellulose 358
10.4. Economic and environmental balance of biofuel production systems 380
10.5. Bibliography 394
Chapter 11. Biogas 397 Pierre LABEYRIE
11.1. Introduction: biogas, “the renewable natural gas” 397
11.2. Naturally occurring biogas 397
11.3. Production organized by humans 398
11.4. History of anaerobic digestion 399
11.5. Anaerobic digestion 400
11.6. Anaerobic digestion installations or biogas units 405
11.7. Uses of biogas 419
11.8. Conclusion: renewable natural gas and its challenges 424
11.9. Bibliography 425
Chapter 12. Energy Production from Wood 427 Frédéric DOUARD
12.1. Introduction: what is wood energy? 427
12.2. Overview of wood fuels 429
12.3. Principles of conversion of wood into energy 442
12.4. Generators of thermal energy from wood 450
12.5. Conclusion 470
12.6. Bibliography 471
List of Authors 473
Index 475
