| Acknowledgments | xiii |
| List of Abbreviations | xv |
Part 1 | Introduction | |
1 | Introduction | 3 |
| Prelude | 3 |
| The Promise of Scheler | 4 |
| The Problems of Scheler | 8 |
| The Task of This Book | 13 |
| An Abstract of This Book | 15 |
| A Note on Quotes | 19 |
Part 2 | The Challenge of Kant | |
2 | Kant's Rational Formalism | 23 |
| Introduction | 23 |
| Kant's "Copernican Turn" | 23 |
| Kant's Approach to Rational, Formal Ethics | 26 |
| Kant's Kingdom of Ends | 31 |
| Scheler's Initial Objection to Kant's Formal Ethics | 33 |
| Kant's Challenge to All Nonformal Ethics | 41 |
| The Requirement of Noncontingent Values | 44 |
| The Requirement of Noncontingent Feeling | 44 |
| The Requirement of the Noncontingent Person | 45 |
| Summary | 46 |
3 | Values and Phenomenology | 48 |
| Introduction | 48 |
| Values and Phenomenology | 49 |
| Scheler's Phenomenological Approach | 51 |
| The A Priori | 54 |
| The A Priori and the Phenomenological Given | 56 |
| The Immediately Given versus the Nongiven | 57 |
| The Order of Givenness | 58 |
| The Immediately Given versus the Mediately Given | 60 |
| The Immediately Given's Independence from the Senses | 62 |
| The Obscurity of the Phenomenological Given | 67 |
| Autonomous Values | 68 |
| Phenomenology as a "Procedure of Seeing" | 71 |
| The Phenomenological Given and Kant's Rationalism | 77 |
| Summary, and Transition to a New Problem | 78 |
4 | Feelings | 80 |
| Introduction | 80 |
| Scheler's Manifesto | 82 |
| The Complexity of "Feelings" | 83 |
| "Feeling of Something" (Fuhlen von etwas) versus "Feeling States" (Gefuhlszustanden) | 84 |
| "Preferring" (Vorziehen) and "Placing After" (Nachsetzen) | 86 |
| Love and Hate | 87 |
| The Refutation of Relativity | 89 |
| Value Blindness | 91 |
| The Role of Love | 91 |
| The Limited Vision of Values | 94 |
| The Role of Hate | 95 |
| Value Distortion | 96 |
| Ressentiment | 97 |
5 | Persons | 101 |
| Introduction | 101 |
| Scheler's Critique of Kant's Person | 102 |
| Scheler's Person | 102 |
| Person as Act | 104 |
| A Phenomenological Description of Acts and persons | 106 |
| The Nondurational Act | 107 |
| The Experiencing of Acts | 110 |
| The Experiencing of Persons | 112 |
| Solving the First Enigma: Why Does Scheler Not Provide Phenomenological Evidence for His Claims about Values and the Person? | 115 |
| The Need for an Ethics | 117 |
Part 3 | The Challenge of Scheler's New Ethics | |
6 | Scheler's New Ethics | 121 |
| Introduction | 121 |
| The Hierarchical Ranks of Values | 121 |
| The Moral Good | 125 |
| The Noncontingent Realization of Moral Values | 127 |
| The Person as Bearer of Moral Values | 127 |
| Scheler's Ethics versus an Ethics of Success | 128 |
| Basic Moral Tenor and Deeds | 130 |
| Scheler, Kant, and Utilitarianism | 133 |
| Core Elements of Scheler's Foundations for Ethics, with Practical Problems | 135 |
| Scheler's Practical Ethics | 135 |
| The Uniqueness of Individual Persons | 136 |
| Public and Private Insight | 138 |
| The Model Person | 140 |
| The Tragic Limits of Finite Persons | 143 |
| The Infinite Person: God | 144 |
| Solving the Second Enigma: Why Does Scheler Turn to God after the Formalism, Rather Than Complete His Ethics? | 145 |
| A Change of Direction | 147 |
7 | God and Ethics | 149 |
| Introduction | 149 |
| The "Problems of Religion" | 149 |
| The Tasks of Philosophy and Religion | 151 |
| The Nature of God | 155 |
| God as Mentality (Geistigkeit) | 156 |
| The Interrelation of the World and Mental Acts | 158 |
| Creation and Realization | 160 |
| God Is Love and God Is Good | 163 |
| A New Problem: God, Reality, and Evil | 165 |
| The Use of "Metaphysical" Insights | 165 |
| The Distinction between the Real and the Unreal | 166 |
| The Problem of Evil | 169 |
| The Dualism Solution Rejected | 170 |
| Rejection of Human Action as the Ultimate Cause of Evil | 171 |
| The Devil Solution | 173 |
| The Failure of the Devil as the Cause of Evil | 173 |
| Final Comments | 175 |
8 | From Theism to Panentheism | 176 |
| Introduction | 176 |
| The Psychological Approach to Scheler | 176 |
| The Suddenness of the Change | 181 |
| Scheler's Comments on the Change | 182 |
| Panentheism | 184 |
| Geist and Drang | 184 |
| The Interaction between Geist and Drang | 186 |
| Scheler's Ethics and the New Panentheism | 187 |
| The Ideal and the Real | 188 |
| The Powerlessness of Geist | 189 |
| Reality, Will, and Drang | 191 |
| Ethics and the Ideal-Real Distinction | 192 |
| God and the Deitas | 194 |
| The Human Person and Deitas | 194 |
| The Problem of Evil Solved | 194 |
| Scheler and Schopenhauer | 195 |
| Scheler's Optimism | 196 |
| New Problems | 199 |
9 | The Troubled Relationship between Geist and Drang | 201 |
| Introduction | 201 |
| The Problem of the Powerlessness of Geist | 201 |
| The Interaction Problem | 202 |
| Scheler's Emphasis | 202 |
| The Power of Geist | 203 |
| The Interaction between Geist and Drang | 205 |
| Geist below the Human Person | 206 |
| Defending the Uniqueness of the Human Person | 211 |
| Freedom and Interaction | 213 |
| Geist, Drang, Idealization, and Realization | 217 |
| Resolution of the Third Enigma | 219 |
| The Completion of Scheler's Ethics: The Unfinished Task | 220 |
| New Possibilities | 221 |
Part 4 | Defending a Schelerian Ethical Personalism | |
10 | Defending the Central Role of the Person in Scheler's Ethics | 225 |
| The New Task | 225 |
| Introduction to This Chapter | 227 |
| The Tragic Limits of Finite Persons--Again | 228 |
| The Two Ways to God | 228 |
| The Solution to the Problem of the Tragic Limits of Finite Persons | 229 |
| The Problem of a Change of Heart | 231 |
| The Change of Heart | 232 |
| Husserl, Scheler, and Intersubjectivity | 238 |
| The General Problem of Intersubjectivity | 239 |
| Scheler's Phenomenology of Intersubjectivity | 239 |
| The Transcendental Ego and Intersubjectivity | 243 |
| Schutz's Criticism of Scheler's Phenomenology of Intersubjectivity | 244 |
| The Defense of Scheler's Phenomenology of Intersubjectivity | 245 |
| The Possibility of Truly Shared Thoughts | 246 |
| The Question of Whether Persons or Values Are More Important | 248 |
| Scheler and Human Sacrifice | 249 |
| The Primacy of the Person over Values | 252 |
| The Challenge to the Primacy of the Heart | 253 |
11 | Defending the Central Role of the Heart in Value-Ception | 255 |
| Introduction | 255 |
| The Primacy of the Heart in Value-Ception | 256 |
| Strasser's Criticism of the Primacy of Feeling | 257 |
| The True Relationship of the Two Logics | 258 |
| Wojtyla's Criticism: Feeling and Choice | 258 |
| Choosing against Felt Values | 260 |
| Choosing Unfelt Values | 261 |
| Free Choice and the Ordo Amoris | 263 |
| The Role of Reason in Ethical Decisions | 264 |
| Von Hildebrand's Criticism: The Subjectively Satisfying and the Intrinsically Important | 266 |
| The Choice of Lower Values | 269 |
| The Values Seen | 272 |
12 | Defending Scheler's Knowledge of Values | 273 |
| Introduction | 273 |
| Blosser's Critique of Scheler's Grasp of Values | 274 |
| Blosser's Criticism of Scheler's Practical Ethics | 277 |
| Scheler, Persons, and Children | 280 |
| Criticism of Scheler's Distinction between Moral and Nonmoral Values | 282 |
| The Relationship between Aesthetic and Moral Values | 283 |
| Criticism of Scheler's Placement of Particular Values in Particular Ranks | 288 |
| Criticism of the "Holy-Unholy" as a Separate Rank of Values | 289 |
| Heideggerian Criticism of Scheler's Understanding of the Basic Nature of Values | 291 |
| The Defense of Phenomenology | 293 |
| Scheler and Language | 294 |
| Final Comments | 296 |
| Bibliography | 299 |
Appendix | Secondary Sources on Scheler Published between 1990 and 1999 | 307 |
| Permissions | 319 |
| Index | 323 |