Table of Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvi
Reviewers xvii
Chapter 1 Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing, or Why Do I Need to Take Statistics? 1
Introduction 2
Statistics and Evidence-Based Practice 8
Summary 11
References 12
Chapter 2 Statistical Essentials I 15
Statistics 16
Summary 31
References 35
Chapter 3 Statistical Essentials II: Measurement 37
Variables and Data 38
Levels of Measurements 41
Reliability and Validity 45
Summary 51
References 53
Chapter 4 Working with IBM SPSS Statistics Software (SPSS)® 55
Introduction to SPSS 56
Summary 73
References 74
Chapter 5 Organizing and Displaying Data 75
Introduction 76
Grouping Data 78
Graphs and Charts 81
Other Graphs and Charts 99
Presenting the Data in the Best Format 103
Summary 107
Reference 109
Chapter 6 Descriptive Statistics 111
Introduction 112
Measures of Central Tendency 115
Measures of Variability 119
Normal Distribution 127
Confidence Interval 137
Summary 139
References 142
Chapter 7 Hypothesis Testing 143
Introduction 144
General Steps in Hypothesis Testing 145
Hypotheses 152
One-Tailed vs. Two-Tailed Tests of Significance 153
Types of Errors 154
Two-Tailed Hypothesis Testing with an Example 155
One-Tailed Hypothesis Testing with an Example 159
Effect Size 161
Statistical Power 163
Summary 166
References 168
Chapter 8 Getting Ready for the Analysis 169
Introduction 170
Missing Data 170
Outliers 173
Assumptions of Parametric Tests 179
Summary 183
Chapter 9 Examining Relationships Between and Among Variables 185
Introduction 186
Measuring Relationships 188
Summary 202
Reference 204
Chapter 10 Modeling Relationships 205
Introduction 206
Doing and Interpreting Simple Linear Regression 208
Multiple Linear Regression 218
Logistic Regression 232
Summary 241
References 244
Chapter 11 Tests for Comparing Group Means: Part I 245
Introduction 246
Choosing the Right Statistical Test 248
One-Sample t-Test 249
t-Test for Independent Groups 253
t-Test for Dependent Groups 259
One-Way Analysis of Variance 264
Multiple Comparisons 272
Summary 280
Reference 282
Chapter 12 Tests for Comparing Group Means: Part II 283
Introduction 284
Choosing the Right Statistical Test 286
ANCOVA 287
Factorial ANOVA 292
Repeated Measures ANOVA 303
MANOVA 311
Summary 318
References 319
Chapter 13 Nonparametric Tests 321
Why Nonparametric Tests? 322
Comparing Two Independent Groups: Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test and/or Mann-Whitney Test 324
Comparing Two Dependent Groups: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test 329
Comparing Several Independent Groups: Kruskal-Wallis Test 334
Comparing Several Dependent Groups: Friedman's ANOVA 340
Summary 344
Reference 346
Chapter 14 Categorical Data Analysis: Nonparametric Tests of Association 347
Tests of Association Using Nominal and Ordinal Data 348
Chi-Square (χ2) Test 350
Fisher's Exact Test 356
Phi and Cramer's V 357
Summary 361
References 363
Chapter 15 Common Statistical Mistakes 365
Introduction 366
Mistake #1 Overlooking the Importance of Checking Assumptions 366
Mistake #2 Arbitrarily Selecting the Sample Size 367
Mistake #3 Deleting Missing Data without Justification 368
Mistake #4 Mispresentation of the Data 368
Mistake #5 Correlation Implies Causation 369
Mistake #6 Confusing Statistical Significance with Practical or Clinical Importance 370
Mistake #7 Extrapolating a Regression Prediction Line 370
Mistake #8 Running Multiple Tests Simultaneously 371
Mistake #9 Confusing Paired Data and Nonpaired Data 372
Mistake #10 Selecting Inappropriate Statistical Tests 372
Summary 373
References 374
Appendix A Random Number Table 375
Appendix B How to Select the Correct Statistical Test 377
Appendix C Critical Values 383
Glossary 391
Index 399
