Table of Contents
Foreword v
About the authors xi
About the translators xiii
Chapter 1 Atomic structure and interatomic bonding 1
1.1 Atomic structure 1
1.1.1 Substance construction 1
1.1.2 Structures of atoms 2
1.1.3 Electronic Structures of atoms 2
1.1.4 Natures of the elements in the periodic table 6
1.2 Interatomic bonding 7
1.2.1 Metallic bonding 7
1.2.2 Ionic bonding 8
1.2.3 Covalent bonding 9
1.2.4 Van der Waals bonding 10
1.2.5 Hydrogen bonding 12
1.3 Polymer chain structure 13
1.3.1 Short-range structure of the polymer chains 14
1.3.2 Long-range structure of polymer chains 22
Chapter 2 The structure of solids 30
2.1 Fundamentals of crystallography 30
2.1.1 Space lattice and unit cells 30
2.1.2 Miller indices for directions and planes 36
2.1.3 Stereographic projections 44
2.1.4 Crystal symmetry 48
2.2 Metallic crystal structures 57
2.2.1 Three typical metallic crystal structures 58
2.2.2 Close-packed crystal structures and interstitial sites 63
2.2.3 Polymorphism and allotropy 67
2.3 Phase structures of alloys 68
2.3.1 Solid solution 69
2.3.2 Intermediate phases 77
2.4 Ionic crystal structure 92
2.4.1 Structural rules of ionic crystals 93
2.4.2 Typical ionic crystal structures 95
2.4.3 Crystal structure of silicate 103
2.5 Covalent crystal structure 108
2.6 Crystal structures of the polymers 110
2.6.1 Crystalline forms of polymers 110
2.6.2 The models of the polymer crystal structures 113
2.6.3 The cell structures of the crystalline polymers 115
2.7 Quasicrystal structure 119
2.8 Liquid crystalline structure 121
2.8.1 Molecular structure and classification of liquid crystals 121
2.8.2 Structure of liquid crystal 122
2.9 Amorphous structure 124
Chapter 3 Crystal defects 129
3.1 Point defects 129
3.1.1 The formation of point defects 129
3.1.2 Equilibrium concentration of point defects 132
3.1.3 Movement of point defects 134
3.2 Dislocations 134
3.2.1 Basic types and characteristics of dislocations 135
3.2.2 Burgers vector 139
3.2.3 The movement of dislocation 143
3.2.4 Elastic properties of dislocations 147
3.2.5 Generation and multiplication of dislocations 156
3.2.6 Dislocations in real crystals 159
3.3 Surface and interface 171
3.3.1 Surfaces 171
3.3.2 Grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries 173
3.3.3 Twin boundaries 182
Chapter 4 Deformation and recrystallization 186
4.1 Elasticity and viscoelasticity 186
4.1.1 Nature of elastic deformation 186
4.1.2 Elastic deformation characteristics and elastic modulus 188
4.1.3 Imperfect elasticity 191
4.1.4 Viscoelasticity 193
4.2 Plastic deformation of crystals 195
4.2.1 Plastic deformation of single crystals 195
4.2.2 Plastic deformation of polycrystals 210
4.2.3 Plastic deformation of alloys 214
4.2.4 Effect of plastic deformation on microstructures and properties 224
4.3 Recovery and recrystallization 232
4.3.1 Changes in the microstructures and properties of the cold-deformed metals during annealing 233
4.3.2 Recovery 235
4.3.3 Recrystallization 238
4.3.4 Grain growth 249
4.3.5 Microstructure after recrystallization 256
4.4 Dynamic recovery and recrystallization during hot working 260
4.4.1 Dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization 260
4.4.2 Effect of hot forming on microstructures and properties 265
4.4.3 Creep 268
4.4.4 Superplasticity 271
4.5 Deformation characteristics of ceramics 275
4.6 Deformation characteristics of polymers 277
Chapter 5 Diffusion in solids 282
5.1 Phenomenological theory 282
5.1.1 Fick's first law 282
5.1.2 Fick's second law 283
5.1.3 Solutions to diffusion equations 285
5.1.4 Diffusion in substitutional solid solutions 295
5.1.5 Solution to diffusion equations when diffusion coefficient is a function of concentration 299
5.2 Thermodynamic analysis of diffusion 302
5.3 Atomic theory of diffusion 304
5.3.1 Diffusion mechanisms 304
5.3.2 Atomic jump and diffusion coefficient 307
5.4 The activation energy of diffusion 313
5.5 Random walk and diffusion length 314
5.6 Factors that affect diffusion 316
5.7 Reaction diffusion 320
5.8 Diffusion in ionic solids 321
5.9 Molecular motion in polymers 325
5.9.1 The origin of molecular chain motion and its compliance 325
5.9.2 The molecular motion of polymers and the influencing structural parameters 327
5.9.3 The molecular motion of polymers at different mechanical states 331
References 337
Index 339
