Table of Contents
Abbreviations xv
Bibliography of Reference Works xvii
Chapter 1 General Introduction to Syntax
1 General Introduction 1
1.1 Parts of Speech 1
1.2 Phrases 3
1.3 Clauses 3
2 The Simple Sentence 4
1.1 Syntax of the Simple Sentence 5
1.2 Interruptions in the Syntax 6
3 Compound and Complex Sentences 7
4 Syntax of the Compound Sentence 9
5 Syntax of the Complex Sentence 10
5.1 Substantival Dependent Clauses 10
5.2 Adjectival Dependent Clauses 13
5.3 Adverbial Dependent Clauses 13
Chapter 2 Case Usage
1 General Introduction 15
2 Uses of the Nominative Case 17
2.1 Subject Nominative 17
2.2 Predicate Nominative 17
2.3 Pendent Nominative 17
2.4 Appositional Nominative 18
3 Uses of the Gentive Case 18
3.1 Genitive with Nouns (Adnominal Genitive) 18
3.1.1 Genitive of Possession 18
3.1.2 Genitive of Origin 19
3.1.3 Partitive Genitive 19
3.1.4 Genitive of Quality (Hebrew Genitive) 19
3.1.5 Genitive of Content 20
3.1.6 Subjective/Objective Genitive 20
3.2 Genitive with Verbs (Adverbial Genitive) 20
3.2.1 Partitive Genitive 20
3.2.2 Genitive of Fulness 21
3.2.3 Genitive of Price 21
3.3 Ablatival Uses of the Genitive 21
3.3 1 Genitive of Time Within Which 21
3.3.2 Genitive of Comparison 22
3.4 Genitive Absolute 22
4 Uses of the Dative Case 23
4.1 Proper Uses of the Dative 23
4.1.1 Dative of Indirect Complement 23
4.1.2 Dative of Interest 24
4.1.3 Dative of Possession 24
4.1.4 Dative of Direct Complement 24
4.2 Instrumental Dative 24
4.2.1 Dative of Means 24
4.2.2 Dative of Manner 25
4.2.3 Dative of Cause 25
4.2.4 Dative of Respect 25
4.3 Locative Dative 25
4.3.1 Dative of Place Where 25
4.3.2 Dative of Time When 26
5 Uses of the Accusative Case 26
5.1 Accusative of Direct Complement 26
5.2 Cognate Accusative 27
5.3 Double Accusative 27
5.4 Accusative of Respect 27
5.5 Accusative of Extent 28
Chapter 3 Verbal Tenses and Moods
1 General Introduction 30
1.1 Verbal Moods 30
1.2 Verbal Tenses 30
1.3 Absolute and Relative Time 31
2 Tenses in the Indicative Mood 32
2.1 The Present Tense 32
2.1.1 General Use 32
2.1.2 Historical Present 32
2.1.3 Futuristic Present 33
2.1.4 Gnomic Present 33
2.2 The Future Tense 33
2.2.1 General Use 33
2.2.2 Modal Uses 33
2.3 The Imperfect Tense 34
2.3.1 General Use 34
2.3.2 With Verbs of Asking and Ordering 34
2.3.3 With Verbs Denoting an Unsuccessful Attempt 34
2.3.4 With Verbs Describing Attendant Circumstances 35
2.4 The Aorist Tense 35
2.4.1 General Use 35
2.4.2 Ingressive Aorist 35
2.4.3 Complexive Aorist 35
2.4.4 Gnomic Aorist 36
2.5 The Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses 36
2.5.1 General Use 36
3 Tenses in the Imperative and Subjunctive Moods 37
3.1 Commands 37
3.2 Prohibitions 39
3.3 Exhortations 39
4 Tenses of the Infinitive 40
5 Tenses of the Participle 41
5.1 Present Participle 41
5.2 Aorist Participle 42
5.3 Future Participle 42
Chapter 4 Syntax of the Participle
1 General Introduction 43
1.1 Definition 43
1.2 Tense and Aspect 44
2 Major Uses of the Participle 44
2.1 Attributive Use of the Participle 45
2.2 Circumstantial Use of the Participle 46
2.3 Supplementary Use of the Participle 48
2.3.1 With Verbs of Emotion 48
2.3.2 With Verbs of Beginning, Ceasing, Enduring 48
2.3.3 With Verbs of Perception and Cognition 49
2.3.4 With the Verbs, λανθανειν, φθανειν, τυγχανειν 50
3 Particular Constructions with the Participle 51
3.1 Participles in Periphrastic Constructions 51
3.2 Pleonastic Participles 52
3.3 Independent Uses of the Participle 53
Chapter 5 Uses of the Infinitive
1 General Introduction 55
2 Nominal Uses of the Infinitive 56
2.1 Subject of Main Verb 56
2.2 Direct Object of Main Verb 57
2.3 With Verbs of Perceiving/Showing/Saying 57
2.4 Appositional Infinitive 58
2.5 Epexegetical Infinitive 59
3 Adverbial Uses of the Infinitive 59
3.1 Infinitive of Purpose 59
3.2 Infinitive of Result 60
3.3 Infinitive Expressing Cause 61
3.4 Infinitive Expressing Means 61
3.5 Infinitive Expressing Temporal Circumstances 62
3.6 Infinitive as Complement of the Main Verb 63
Chapter 6 Conjunctions and Sentence Adverbs
1 General Introduction 65
2 Conjunctions 66
2.1 Coordinating Conjunctions 66
2.2 Subordinating Conjunctions 68
3 Sentence Adverbs (Modal Particles) 70
3.1 Emphatic Particles 70
3.2 Interrogative Particles 70
3.3 Asseverative Particles 71
3.4 Modal Particles 71
4 Special Uses of Common Particles 72
4.1 και 72
4.1.1 Adversative 72
4.1.2 Consecutive 72
4.1.3 Epexegetical 72
4.1.4 Narrative 72
4.2 δε 73
4.2.1 Adversative 73
4.2.2 Progressive 73
4.2.3 Explanatory 73
4.3 γαρ 74
4.3.1 Confirmatory 74
4.3.2 Explanatory 74
4.3.3 Progressive 74
4.4 ει 75
4.5 ινα 75
4.5.1 Introducing a Noun Clause 75
4.5.2 Introducing a Wish or Exhortation 76
4.5.3 Introducing a Clause Expressing Reason/Cause 76
4.6 οτι 76
Chapter 7 Prepositions
1 General Introduction 79
2 Prepositions with One Case Only 82
2.1 With the Genitive 82
2.2 With the Dative 84
2.3 With the Accusative 84
3 Prepositions with Two Cases 85
3.1 δια 85
3.2 κατα 86
3.3 μετα 87
3.4 περι 87
3.5 υπερ 88
3.6 υπο 88
4 Prepositions with Three Cases 89
4.1 επι 89
4.2 παρα 90
4.3 προς 91
Chapter 8 Conditional Sentences
1 General Introduction 93
2 Future Conditions 95
2.1 Future More Vivid 95
2.2 Future Less Vivid 96
3 Present Conditions 97
3.1 Present Simple 97
3.2 Present General 97
4 Contrafactual (Unreal) Conditions 98
4.1 Present Contrafactual 98
4.2 Past Contrafactual 99
5 Summary 100
Chapter 9 Semitic Influence on NT Greek
1 General Introduction 103
2 Case Usage 104
2.1 Pendent Nominative 104
2.2 Hebrew Genitive (Genitive of Quality) 104
2.3 Cognate Dative 105
3 Uses of the Definite Article 106
4 Uses of the Pronoun 107
4.1 Non-emphatic Nominative Pronouns 107
4.2 Pleonastic Pronouns 108
5 Comparative and Superlative Degrees 109
6 Uses of the Participle 110
6.1 Periphrastic Conjugation 110
6.2 Pleonastic (Graphic) Participles 110
7 Uses of Prepositions 112
7.1 εις + Accusative 112
7.2 εν + Dative 113
7.3 Use of Adverbs as (improper) Prepositions 114
7.4 Stock Prepositional Phrases 114
8 Special Uses of και 115
8.1 Apodotic και 116
8.2 Pleonastic και 116
9 Negation 117
Chapter 10 Accentuation of Greek Words
1 Preliminary Definitions 119
1.1 Long and Short Syllables 119
1.2 Accented Syllables 119
1.3 Writing Accents 120
2 Rules for Accentuation 120
2.1 General Rules for Greek Accents 120
2.2 Rules for the Acute Accent 120
2.3 Rules for the Grave Accent 121
2.4 Rules for the Circumflex Accent 121
2.5 Recessive Accent 122
2.6 Persistent Accent 122
3 Exceptions to the Rules for Accentuation 123
3.1 Exceptions in Recessive Accent 123
3.2 Exceptions in Persistent Accent 123
4 Proclitics and Enclitics 126
4.1 Preliminary Definitions 126
4.2 Rules for Accentuation 127
5 The Special Case of eov 128
Index of Biblical Citations 129
Index of Grammatical Topics 135
