Table of Contents
Preface xvii
Part 1 Direct Current
1 Background Physics 3
Atoms 3
Protons, Neutrons, and Atomic Numbers 3
Isotopes and Atomic Weights 4
Electrons 4
Ions 6
Compounds 6
Molecules 7
Conductors 8
Insulators 9
Resistors 9
Semiconductors 9
Current 10
Static Electricity 11
Electromotive Force (Voltage) 12
Non-Electrical Energy 13
Quiz 14
2 Electrical Units 15
The Volt 15
Current Flow 16
The Ampere 17
Resistance and the Ohm 18
Conductance and the Siemens 20
Power and the Watt 20
A Word about Notation 22
Energy and the Watt-Hour 23
Other Energy Units 24
Alternating Current and the Hertz 25
Rectification and Pulsating Direct Current 26
Stay Safe! 27
Magnetism 28
Magnetic Units 29
Quiz 29
3 Measuring Devices 30
Electromagnetic Deflection 30
Electrostatic Deflection 32
Thermal Heating 33
Ammeters 33
Voltmeters 35
Ohmmeters 37
Digital Multimeters 38
Frequency Counters 39
Other Meter Types 39
Quiz 41
4 Direct-Current Circuit Basics 42
Schematic Symbols 42
Circuit Simplification 44
Ohm's Law 44
Current Calculations 45
Voltage Calculations 46
The Rule of Significant Figures 47
Resistance Calculations 47
Power Calculations 48
Resistances in Series 49
Resistances in Parallel 50
Division of Power 51
Resistances in Series-Parallel 52
Quiz 53
5 Direct-Current Circuit Analysis 54
Current through Series Resistances 54
Voltages across Series Resistances 55
Voltage across Parallel Resistances 57
Currents through Parallel Resistances 58
Power Distribution in Series Circuits 60
Power Distribution in Parallel Circuits 61
Kirchhoff's First Law 63
Kirchhoff's Second Law 64
Voltage Division 66
Quiz 69
6 Resistors 70
Purpose of the Resistor 70
Fixed Resistors 73
The Potentiometer 75
Resistor Specifications 77
Quiz 81
7 Cells and Batteries 82
Electrochemical Energy 82
"Grocery Store" Cells and Batteries 84
Lithium Batteries 85
Lead-Acid Batteries 86
Nickle Metal Hydride Cells and Batteries 86
Photovoltaic Cells and Batteries 87
Fuel Cells 88
Quiz 90
8 Magnetism 91
Geomagnetism 91
Magnetic Force 92
Magnetic Field Strength 95
Electromagnets 98
Magnetic Materials 100
Magnetic Machines 103
Quiz 106
Part 2 Alternating Current
9 Alternating-Current Basics 109
Definition of AC 109
Period and Frequency 109
The Sine Wave 111
Square Waves 111
Sawtooth Waves 112
Complex Waveforms 113
Frequency Spectrum 114
Fractions of a Cycle 116
Expressions of Amplitude 118
The Generator 121
Why AC and Not DC? 122
Quiz 123
10 Inductance 124
The Property of Inductance 124
The Unit of Inductance 126
Inductors in Series 126
Inductors in Parallel 127
Interaction among Inductors 128
Air-Core Coils 130
Ferromagnetic Cores 131
Transmission-Line Inductors 133
Quiz 135
11 Capacitance 136
The Property of Capacitance 136
Simple Capacitors 137
The Unit of Capacitance 138
Capacitors in Series 139
Capacitors in Parallel 141
Fixed Capacitors 142
Variable Capacitors 144
Capacitor Specifications 146
Interelectrode Capacitance 147
Equivalent Series Resistance 147
Quiz 147
12 Phase 148
Not More Math! 148
Instantaneous Values 149
Rate of Change 149
Circles and Vectors 150
Expressions of Phase Difference 153
Vector Diagrams of Relative Phase 156
Quiz 157
13 Inductive Reactance 158
Inductors and Direct Current 158
Inductors and Alternating Current 159
Reactance and Frequency 160
The RXL Quarter-Plane 161
Current Lags Voltage 164
How Much Lag? 167
Quiz 169
14 Capacitive Reactance 170
Capacitors and Direct Current 170
Capacitors and Alternating Current 171
Capacitive Reactance and Frequency 172
The RXC Quarter-Plane 174
Current Leads Voltage 176
How Much Lead? 178
Quiz 181
15 Impedance and Admittance 182
Imaginary Numbers Revisited 182
Complex Numbers Revisited (in Detail) 183
The RX Half-Plane 186
Conductance 190
Susceptance 190
Admittance 192
The GB Half-Plane 193
Quiz 194
16 Alternating-Current Circuit Analysis 195
Complex Impedances in Series 195
Series RLC Circuits 198
Complex Admittances in Parallel 200
Parallel RLC Circuits 203
Putting It All Together 206
Reducing Complicated RLC Circuits 207
Ohm's Law for Alternating Current 208
Quiz 212
17 Alternating-Current Power and Resonance 213
Forms of Power 213
Power Parameters 216
Power Transmission 222
Resonance 225
Resonant Devices 229
Quiz 231
18 Transformers and Impedance Matching 232
Principle of the Transformer 232
Transformer Geometry 236
Power Transformers 239
Isolation and Impedance Matching 241
Radio-Frequency Transformers 243
Quiz 246
Part 3 Basic Electronics
19 Introduction to Semiconductors 249
The Semiconductor Revolution 249
Semiconductor Materials 250
Doping and Charge Carriers 251
The P-N Junction 252
Quiz 255
20 Diode Applications 256
Rectification 256
Detection 257
Frequency Multiplication 257
Signal Mixing 258
Switching 259
Voltage Regulation 259
Amplitude Limiting 260
Frequency Control 261
Oscillation and Amplification 262
Energy Emission 262
Photosensitive Diodes 263
Quiz 265
21 Bipolar Transistors 266
NPN versus PNP 266
Biasing 267
Amplification 269
Gain versus Frequency 273
Common-Emitter Configuration 274
Common-Base Configuration 274
Common-Collector Configuration 276
Quiz 276
22 Field-Effect Transistors 277
Principle of the JFET 277
Amplification 280
The MOSFET 283
Common-Source Configuration 285
Common-Gate Configuration 286
Common-Drain Configuration 287
Quiz 287
23 Integrated Circuits 288
Advantages of IC Technology 288
Limitations of IC Technology 289
Linear ICs 290
Digital ICs 294
Component Density 294
IC Memory 295
Quiz 296
24 Power Supplies 297
Power Transformers 297
Rectifier Diodes 298
Half-Wave Circuit 299
Full-Wave Center-Tap Circuit 300
Full-Wave Bridge Circuit 301
Power-Supply Smoothing 301
Voltage Regulation 304
Linear Voltage Regulator ICs 304
Switching Voltage Regulators 305
Switched-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) 306
Equipment Protection 307
Quiz 309
25 Amplifiers 310
The Decibel Revisited 310
Basic Bipolar-Transistor Amplifier 313
Basic FET Amplifier 314
Amplifier Classes 314
Efficiency in Power Amplifiers 318
Drive and Overdrive 320
Audio Amplification 321
IC-Based Audio Amplifiers 323
Radio-Frequency Amplification 324
Quiz 327
26 Oscillators 328
Positive Feedback 328
Feedback at a Single Frequency 329
An Old-School Oscillator Circuit 329
The Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 329
The Phase-Locked Loop 330
Integrated Circuit Oscillators and Timers 330
Direct Digital Synthesis 333
Oscillator Stability 333
Quiz 334
27 Wireless Transmitters and Receivers 335
Modulation 335
The Electromagnetic Field 343
Wave Propagation 345
Transmission Media 348
Receiver Fundamentals 350
Predetector Stages 352
Detectors 354
Postdetector Stages 357
Specialized Wireless Modes 358
Quiz 360
28 Digital Basics 361
Numeration Systems 362
Digital Logic 363
Binary Communications 368
Quiz 371
Part 4 Specialized Devices and Systems
29 Microcontrollers 375
Benefits 375
All Shapes and Sizes 376
General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) Pins 377
Digital Outputs 378
Digital Inputs 378
PWM Outputs 380
Analog Inputs 381
Dedicated Serial Hardware 382
An Example-The ATtiny44 385
Programming Languages 386
Programming a Microcontroller 386
Quiz 387
30 Arduino 388
The Arduino Uno/Genuino 388
Setting Up the Arduino IDE 390
Programming "Blink" 391
Programming Fundamentals 392
Setup and Loop 393
Variables and Constants 393
The Serial Monitor 395
Ifs 396
Iteration 396
Functions 398
Data Types 400
Interfacing with GPIO Pins 401
The Arduino C Library 406
Libraries 406
Special Purpose Arduinos 409
Shields 411
Quiz 411
31 Transducers and Sensors 412
Wave Transducers 412
Displacement Transducers 414
Detection and Measurement 416
Sonar 421
Quiz 422
32 Antennas for RF Communications 423
Radiation Resistance 423
Half-Wave Antennas 424
Quarter-Wave Verticals 426
Loops 428
Ground Systems 429
Gain and Directivity 430
Phased Arrays 433
Parasitic Arrays 434
Antennas for Ultra-High and Microwave Frequencies 436
Safety 439
Quiz 439
Schematic Symbols 440
Suggested Additional Reading 447
Index 449
