Telemetry Systems Design

by Frank Carden

Overview

Shows you how design procedures are developed for frequency modulation systems.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780890068007
Publisher:	Artech House, Incorporated
Publication date:	12/01/1995
Series:	Artech House Communications Library Series
Pages:	280
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.75(d)

Table of Contents

	Preface	xiii
	Acknowledgments	xv
Chapter 1	Telemetry System Definition	1
1.1	Learning Objectives	1
1.2	Telemetry System Overview	1
1.3	Data Collection System	4
1.4	Multiplex System	5
1.4.1	FDM System	5
1.4.2	PCM Time Division Multiplexing	9
1.4.3	Combination of FDM and TDM	12
1.5	Modulator, Transmitter, and Antenna	12
1.5.1	FM/FM	12
1.5.2	PCM/FM Generation	12
1.5.3	Hybrid Systems: PCM/FM + FM/FM, PCM/FM/FM	12
1.6	Transmission or Waveform Channel	13
1.7	Antenna, RF Receiver: RF and IF Amplifiers, Carrier Demodulator	15
1.8	Demultiplex System	15
1.8.1	Frequency Division Demultiplexing	15
1.8.2	Time Division Demultiplexing	15
1.8.3	Hybrid Systems	16
1.9	Data Processing, Handling, and Display	17
1.10	Supporting Equipment and Operations	17
1.10.1	Diversity Combining	17
1.10.2	Predetection Recording	18
1.11	IRIG Channel Standards	19
	Problems	21
	References	23
Chapter 2	Analog Frequency Modulation	25
2.1	Learning Objectives	25
2.2	Single-Channel FM	26
2.2.1	Time Domain FM Carrier Model	26
2.2.2	FM Spectrum	27
2.2.3	FM Bandwidth Requirements	28
2.2.4	FM Modulation Implementation	30
2.2.5	FM Demodulation Implementation	31
2.3	FM/FM	32
2.3.1	FM/FM Definition	32
2.3.2	IRIG Spectrum Utilization	33
2.4	Systems Contaminated With Noise	34
2.4.1	Single-Channel FM	34
2.4.2	FM/FM	35
2.5	FM/FM Multiplex Systems	39
2.5.1	PBW Channels	39
2.5.2	CBW Channels	39
2.6	Operational Filter Bandwidths	40
2.6.1	Receiver IF Bandwidth	40
2.6.2	Video Filter Bandwidth	40
2.7	Development of the FM Noise Model and Signal-to-Noise Ratio	40
2.7.1	Carrier Plus Noise Model	40
2.7.2	Signal-to-Noise Ratios	41
2.8	Threshold	44
2.8.1	Threshold Description	44
2.8.2	Threshold Carrier Model and Description	44
2.9	Effect of Increasing the IF Bandwidth	45
2.10	Transmission Bandwidth Estimation	46
	Problems	46
	References	48
Chapter 3	Design of FM/FM Systems	51
3.1	Learning Objectives	51
3.2	System Parameters	52
3.3	Design procedure	52
3.4	Design Examples	56
3.4.1	PBW Channel	56
3.4.2	CBW Channel	64
3.5	Threshold	68
3.5.1	Signal-to-Noise Ratio for a Bandpass Filter	68
3.5.2	Threshold Design Margin	69
3.6	Changing the Preemphasis Schedule to Utilize Specified IF or Transmission Bandwidth	72
3.6.1	Bandwidth Utilization	72
3.6.2	Design Equations	72
3.7	Designing to a Specified Transmission Bandwidth	74
3.7.1	Design Process	74
3.8	Designing the Preemphasis Schedule for Different Values for the D[subscript si]'s	77
3.8.1	Design Equations and Procedure	77
3.8.2	Example 7	78
3.8.3	Summary of the Results for Example 7	79
3.9	Designing the Preemphasis Schedule for the Minimum Transmission Bandwidth With Equal D[subscript si]'s (Concurrent All-Channel Dropout)	79
3.9.1	Design Equations and Procedure	80
3.9.2	Example 8	81
3.10	Summary of Examples 6 and 8	83
3.11	Designing the Preemphasis Schedule for All-Channel Dropout and Unequal D[subscript si]'s	83
3.11.1	Example 9	84
3.12	Designing the Preemphasis Schedule for Different Specified Signal-to-Noise Ratios in the Channels	85
3.12.1	Example 10	86
3.13	Hardware Implementation of the Preemphasis Schedule	87
3.13.1	Example 11	87
3.14	Summary of Design Procedures	88
3.15	IRIG B[subscript IF] Specifications	89
	Preliminary Problems	89
	Regular Design Problems	91
	References	100
Chapter 4	Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)	101
4.1	Learning Objectives	102
4.2	Quantization and Analog-to-Digital Conversion	102
4.2.1	Quantization Errors	102
4.2.2	Hardware Implementation of Quantizers and Analog Converters	103
4.3	Line Coding or Transmission Format	106
4.3.1	Line Code Formats	106
4.3.2	Characteristics of the NRZ and Bi[phi] Line Codes	108
4.3.3	Delay Modulation Code Characteristics	109
4.3.4	Power Spectrum	109
4.4	Frame Design and Creation	111
4.4.1	Frame Design	111
4.4.2	Frame Creation	113
4.5	Frame Synchronization	116
4.5.1	False Lock	117
4.5.2	Subframe Synchronization	117
4.5.3	Minor Frame Sync Word Complement	117
4.5.4	Recycle Subframe Synchronization	118
4.5.5	Identification Subframe Synchronization	118
4.6	IRIG Specifications Overview	119
4.6.1	IRIG Fixed Format, Type I	119
4.6.2	IRIG Type II	120
	Problems	120
	References	122
Chapter 5	PCM/FM	123
5.1	Learning Objectives	123
5.2	PCM/FM	123
5.2.1	Time Waveform	124
5.2.2	PCM/FM Spectrum	125
5.2.3	PCM/FM Bandwidth	125
5.3	PCM/FM Overview	128
5.3.1	PCM/FM Transmitter System	128
5.3.2	PCM/FM Receiving System	129
5.4	BER in a PCM/FM System	131
5.4.1	BER in Terms of System Parameters	131
5.4.2	Comparison of PCM/FM and Noncontinuous PCM/FM	134
5.4.3	BER as a Function of Bit Rate	135
5.5	Bit Synchronizer Performance	135
5.5.1	PCM/FM Example 1	137
5.6	PCM/FM System Design	138
5.6.1	Setting the PCM/FM Transmission and Receiver System Operating Parameters in Terms of the Bit Rate for NRZ	138
5.7	Design of PCM/FM for Bi[phi] (Manchester)	139
5.7.1	BER	139
5.7.2	Setting System Parameters for a Minimum BER for Bi[phi]	140
5.8.	Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM, Including Quantization and Bit Error Noise	141
5.9	Actual PCM/FM Spectrum	143
	Problems	147
	References	148
Chapter 6	Binary Phase Shift Keying, Pulse Code Modulation/Phase Modulation	149
6.1	Learning Objectives	149
6.2	Binary Phase Shift Keying Model	150
6.3	BPSK Generation	152
6.4	BPSK Detection by a Correlation Receiver	152
6.4.1	No Noise	153
6.4.2	With Noise	155
6.5	Maximum Likelihood Detection	156
6.6	Bit Errors	157
6.6.1	Bit Error Probability in Terms of N[subscript o] and E[subscript b]	158
6.7	BPSK Modulation	159
6.8	BPSK in General	159
6.8.1	Model for General BPSK	160
6.9	Actual Receiving Hardware	161
6.9.1	The Receiver	161
6.9.2	The Bit Synchronizer and Matched-Filter Implementation	162
6.10	Comparison of BERS for BPSK and PCM/FM	163
6.11	Q-Function	165
6.12	BPSK Power Spectral Density	165
6.12.1	Spectrum in a Practical System	165
6.13	Overall Comparison Between PCM/FM and BPSK	166
6.13.1	BER	166
6.13.2	Transmission Bandwidth	166
6.13.3	Hardware Considerations	167
6.14	General PM Modulation	167
6.15	Comparison of PM and FM Modulation	168
6.16	FM Modulation Employing a PM Modulator	169
6.16.1	Hardware to Achieve FM With a PM Modulator	169
6.17	Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)	171
	Problems	173
	References	175
Chapter 7	Synchronization	177
7.1	Learning Objectives	178
7.2	Functions of the Bit Synchronizer	178
7.2.1	Bit Detector Function	179
7.2.2	Clock Extractor Function	179
7.2.3	Data Formatter Function	179
7.2.4	Control Signals	179
7.3	Hardware Block Implementation	179
7.3.1	Bit Detector Implementation	179
7.3.2	Clock Extractor Implementation	180
7.4	Frame Synchronizer	184
7.4.1	Synchronization Steps	184
7.4.2	Digital Correlator	185
7.5.	Demultiplexer	186
	Problems	188
	Reference	189
Chapter 8	Hybrid Systems: PCM/FM + FM/FM and PCM/FM/FM	191
8.1	Learning Objectives	191
8.2	PCM/FM + FM/FM System Design	191
8.2.1	Filter Specification	193
8.2.2	Interference	193
8.2.3	Impact of the Interference on the FM/FM Channels Output [S/N][subscript o]	196
8.2.4	Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Composite Modulation	198
8.2.5	Carrier Deviation by the PCM Sequence and the Highest Frequency Subcarrier	199
8.2.6	Impact of the Subcarriers on the BER of the Bit Sequence	199
8.3	PCM/FM + FM/FM Design Example	199
8.3.1	Constant Bandwidth Channels	200
8.4	PCM/FM/FM	205
8.4.1	Selecting the Subcarriers for FM/FM	206
8.4.2	Selecting the PCM Subcarrier Channel	206
8.4.3	FM/FM Preemphasis Design	207
8.4.4	Designing for the Output Signal-to-Noise in the PCM Channel	207
8.4.5	PCM/FM/FM Design Example	208
	Problems	211
	PCM/FM/FM Design Problems	212
	References	214
Chapter 9	Convolutional Coding for Forward Error Correction	215
9.1	Learning Objectives	216
9.2	Hamming Distance	216
9.3	Convolutional Encoding	216
9.3.1	Two-Stage Encoder	217
9.3.2	Convolutional Code Trellis	218
9.4	Free Distance of a Convolutional Code	220
9.5	Code Vectors	220
9.6	Decoding	221
9.7	Viterbi Decoding	222
9.8	Detection Decisions	224
9.8.1	Hard Decisions	225
9.8.2	Soft Decisions	226
9.9	Coding Gains and BERS	227
9.9.1	Asymptotic Coding Gain	228
9.10	Hardware Implementation	229
9.11	Comparison of Coded and Uncoded Systems	229
9.11.1	Relationship Between the Parameters of Coded and Uncoded Systems	229
9.11.2	Example: Design a Binary PSK System	232
9.12	Coded PCM/FM	233
9.13	Hardware Decoder Implementation for PCM/FM	234
	Problems	234
	References	236
Appendix A	IRIG Specifications	237
Appendix B	Frame Synchronization Words	243
	Glossary	245
	About the Author	247
	Index	249

Editorial Reviews

Introduces concepts of telemetering systems for new engineers, and presents existing and potential design procedures for both new and seasoned telemetry engineers. Coverage encompasses bandwidth requirements for various modulation formats, design procedures for time division and multiplexing systems, and combining analog and digital modulation systems. A chapter on design of FM/FM systems converts the preemphasis schedule procedure into a straightforward algorithmic code. Includes problems, a glossary, and b&w diagrams. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

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