Table of Contents
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Glossary xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The industry behind entertainment 1
1.2 The industry today 3
1.3 About this book 6
1.4 Conventions 6
1.5 Temporary versus permanent 7
2 Standards and legislation 9
2.1 Hierarchy 9
2.2 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HASWA) 10
2.2.1 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 11
2.2.2 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER) 11
2.2.3 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 11
2.2.4 Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 12
2.2.5 Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994 12
2.2.6 Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 12
2.2.7 Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008 12
2.2.8 Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations 2006 13
2.2.9 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) 14
2.2.10 Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002 (ESQCR) 14
2.3 Standards 14
2.3.1 Harmonized Standards 15
2.3.2 International standards 15
2.3.3 BS 7671 Requirements for Electrical Installations 16
2.3.4 BS 7909 Code of Practice for temporary electrical systems for entertainment and related purposes 17
2.3.5 BS 7430 Code of Practice for earthing 19
2.4 Industry guidance 19
2.4.1 The event safety guide - A guide to health, safety and welfare at music and similar events 1999 20
2.4.2 Technical Standards for places of Entertainment 2009 20
2.4.3 Temporary demountable structures; Guidance on procurement design and use 2007 20
2.4.4 eGuide. Common regulative policy for major UK exhibition venues 2011 21
2.5 Summary 21
3 Management of events 23
3.1 Responsibilities 23
3.1.1 Senior Person Responsible 24
3.1.2 Persons Responsible 25
3.2 Small and simple events 25
3.2.1 Responsibilities for small events 26
3.2.2 Equipment supply and operation 27
3.2.3 Management of the small system 27
3.3 Large events 27
3.3.1 Management of large systems 28
3.3.2 Assessment and design 28
3.4 Equipment selection 29
4 Earthing and methods of protection 31
4.1 Supply arrangements 31
4.2 Protective earthing 32
4.2.1 Equipotential bonding 33
4.2.2 Protective conductor (PE) 34
4.2.3 Earthing conductor 35
4.2.4 Circuit Protective Conductor (CPC) 35
4.2.5 Exposed-conductive-part 35
4.2.6 Extraneous-conductive-part 35
4.2.7 Supplementary equipotential bonding 39
4.3 Methods of protection 40
4.4 Physiological effects of current 43
4.5 Equipotential zones 43
4.5.1 Touch voltages 45
4.6 Electrical environments 49
4.7 Lightning protection 51
4.8 Deriving earths from street furniture 51
5 Design principles and requirements 53
5.1 Assessment 54
5.1.1 Supply arrangements 54
5.1.2 Emergency and operational supplies 55
5.1.3 Maximum demand and nature of loads 56
5.1.4 Division of the TED 56
5.1.5 External influences 57
5.1.6 Structural requirements 58
5.2 Protection against thermal effects 58
5.3 Protection against overcurrent 58
5.3.1 Overload 58
5.3.2 Short-circuit and fault current 59
5.4 Protective devices 60
5.4.1 Circuit-breaker characteristics 60
5.4.2 Fuse characteristics 63
5.4.3 Residual Current Devices 63
5.4.4 Assessment of fault currents 69
5.4.5 Protective-device discrimination 71
5.5 Protection against electric shock 74
5.5.1 Automatic disconnection of supply 74
5.5.2 Extra low voltage (ELV) and reduced low voltage (RLV) 76
5.5.3 Electrical separation and transformers 80
5.6 Protection against voltage disturbances and measures against electromagnetic disturbances 83
5.7 Three-phase systems 84
5.7.1 Three-phase generation 84
5.7.2 Phase or neutral loss 89
5.7.3 Power factor 89
5.8 Harmonics 91
5.8.1 Cable ratings 92
5.8.2 Unbalanced loads 94
5.8.3 Overcurrent protection 95
5.9 Voltage drop 95
5.9.1 Voltage drop and power factor 96
5.9.2 Voltage drop caused by harmonics 97
5.10 Cable sizing 98
5.10.1 Current-carrying capacity and voltage drop tables 98
5.10.2 Overcurrent requirements 100
5.10.3 Correction factors 102
5.10.4 Cable size determination 107
5.11 High protective conductor currents 113
5.11.1 Protective conductor current not exceeding 10 mA 114
5.11.2 Protective conductor currents above 10 mA 114
5.12 Renewable energy sources 114
5.13 Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) 115
5.13.1 UPS topologies 115
5.13.2 UPS circuit protection 117
5.13.3 Disconnection times 117
5.14 Parallel conductors 118
5.14.1 Protection of parallel conductors 118
5.14.2 Parallel conductor arrangements 118
5.15 Emergency lighting 119
5.15.1 Emergency lighting requirements 120
6 Equipment supply and testing 121
6.1 Selection of equipment for use in a TED 121
6.2 Connectors 122
6.2.1 Preferred connector types 123
6.2.2 Connectors used for isolation and switching 125
6.2.3 Conductor identification 125
6.3 High-current connectors 125
6.4 BS EN 60309 ('Ceeform') connectors 129
6.5 Multipole lighting distribution connectors 132
6.5.1 Round 19-pin connectors 133
6.5.2 Rectangular 16-pin connectors 134
6.6 Cable 134
6.6.1 Cable construction 136
6.6.2 Cable selection 136
6.6.3 Cable/connector combinations 140
6.7 Power distribution equipment 142
6.7.1 Construction {Appendix A} 143
6.7.2 Functionality 144
6.7.3 Surge protection devices 144
6.7.4 Indicators and controls 146
6.8 Inspection and testing of equipment prior to delivery to site 146
6.8.1 Frequency of testing 149
6.8.2 The verification process 150
6.8.3 User checks of equipment 150
6.8.4 Formal visual inspection 151
6.8.5 Combined inspection and test 152
6.8.6 Testing after repair 154
6.8.7 Labelling 154
6.8.8 RCD testing 155
6.9 Mobile and transportable units 155
7 Inspection and testing of temporary electrical distributions 159
7.1 Competencies and requirements 160
7.2 Inspections 162
7.2.1 User checks 162
7.2.2 Visual inspection 162
7.3 Electrical tests 165
7.3.1 Tests prior to energising the supply 167
7.3.2 Tests prior to putting a system into service 174
7.3.3 Earth fault loop impedance 175
7.4 Small system tests 176
7.5 Documentation 177
7.5.1 Completion Certificate 177
7.5.2 Schedule of Test Results 178
7.5.3 Confirmation of Electrical Completion 178
7.6 Testing RCDs 179
7.6.1 Testing procedure 179
7.7 Tests involving dimmers 180
7.8 Tests involving UPS 181
7.9 Periodic testing 182
7.10 Tests following changes or relocation 183
7.11 Special locations 183
7.11.1 Baths, basins, fountains and marinas 184
7.11.2 Exhibitions, shows and stands 185
7.11.3 Agricultural and horticultural premises 186
7.11.4 Mobile and transportable units 186
8 Generators and other sources of supply 187
8.1 Small generating sets 187
8.2 Earth electrodes 188
8.2.1 Earth plates 190
8.2.2 Earth spikes 190
8.2.3 Other electrodes 191
8.2.4 Testing earth electrodes 192
8.3 Connection of multiple generators or other sources 192
8.3.1 Main source with switched standby generator 193
8.3.2 Synchronised generators for large capacity using load-sharing 194
8.3.3 Synchronised generators for redundancy 194
8.3.4 Earthing of multiple generators or sources 195
8.4 Generator housekeeping 197
8.5 Street furniture supplies 198
9 Operational considerations 199
9.1 Disabling (bypassing) RCDs 199
9.2 Protection against damage and interference 201
9.2.1 Cables 201
9.3 Safe working practices 202
9.3.1 Live working 202
9.3.2 Identification and isolation of circuits 203
9.3.3 Emergency procedures 203
9.3.4 Unattended systems 204
9.4 Communications 204
9.5 Weather conditions 204
10 Venue information 205
10.1 Provision of supplies 205
10.1.1 Diversity 206
10.1.2 Power quality and conductors 206
10.1.3 Connections for TED supply 207
10.1.4 Circuit protection 208
10.1.5 Labelling and marking 208
10.2 Earthing arrangements and external connections 209
10.2.1 Technical earths 210
10.3 Technical Standards for places of entertainment 211
10.3.1 General requirements 211
10.3.2 Switchgear 211
10.3.3 Wiring 211
10.3.4 Shock protection 212
10.3.5 Socket-outlets 212
10.3.6 Earthing 213
11 Electrical systems for temporary structures 215
11.1 Exhibitions, shows and stands [711] 215
11.1.1 Protection against electric shock 215
11.1.2 Protective measures 215
11.1.3 Selection and erection 216
11.1.4 Lighting 217
11.1.5 Inspection and testing 217
11.1.6 AEV/ESSA guidance 217
11.2 Stage and studio sets 218
12 Mobile and transportable units 221
12.1 Supplies 221
12.2 Protection for safety 222
Appendix A Bibliography 223
Appendix B Useful electrical calculations 225
Appendix C Rating factors for cables having more than four loaded cores 231
Appendix D Reproduced tables from BS 7671 Appendix 4 for cables commonly used at events 233
Appendix E Reproduced tables from BS 7671 Appendix 3 for MCBs 247
Appendix F ABTT theatre electrical sheet 251
Appendix G BS 7909 certification documentation 257
Index 261
