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Canadian Forces and Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests, and Requirements, 1968-1974
Published by the Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies

The role of the Canadian Forces in asserting sovereignty is often tied to the maxim that possession is nine-tenths of the law. Surveillance capability and boots on the ground are often tightly bound to Canada s credibility in defending its sovereignty. As talk of a polar race intensifies, and new concerns arise over the continental shelf, boundaries, pollution, melting ice, and that tiny piece of rock called Hans Island, a more robust Canadian Forces presence is perceived as essential to Canada s using or losing its Arctic. But where is the justification to validate this accepted wisdom? How does a military presence play into demonstrating effective occupation? Does a military presence really strengthen Canada s sovereignty in the Arctic?

"The Canadian Forces and Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests, and Requirements, 1968 1974," introduces the debate about the Canadian Forces role, mission, and contributions to Arctic sovereignty during these pivotal years. Policy analysts grappled with many of the same issues facing decision makers today, and recently declassified documents (published in this volume for the first time) yield insights into what Canadians should reasonably expect from their military as the country develops and implements an Arctic strategy in the twenty-first century. "

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Canadian Forces and Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests, and Requirements, 1968-1974
Published by the Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies

The role of the Canadian Forces in asserting sovereignty is often tied to the maxim that possession is nine-tenths of the law. Surveillance capability and boots on the ground are often tightly bound to Canada s credibility in defending its sovereignty. As talk of a polar race intensifies, and new concerns arise over the continental shelf, boundaries, pollution, melting ice, and that tiny piece of rock called Hans Island, a more robust Canadian Forces presence is perceived as essential to Canada s using or losing its Arctic. But where is the justification to validate this accepted wisdom? How does a military presence play into demonstrating effective occupation? Does a military presence really strengthen Canada s sovereignty in the Arctic?

"The Canadian Forces and Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests, and Requirements, 1968 1974," introduces the debate about the Canadian Forces role, mission, and contributions to Arctic sovereignty during these pivotal years. Policy analysts grappled with many of the same issues facing decision makers today, and recently declassified documents (published in this volume for the first time) yield insights into what Canadians should reasonably expect from their military as the country develops and implements an Arctic strategy in the twenty-first century. "

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Canadian Forces and Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests, and Requirements, 1968-1974

Canadian Forces and Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests, and Requirements, 1968-1974

Canadian Forces and Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests, and Requirements, 1968-1974

Canadian Forces and Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests, and Requirements, 1968-1974

Overview

Published by the Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies

The role of the Canadian Forces in asserting sovereignty is often tied to the maxim that possession is nine-tenths of the law. Surveillance capability and boots on the ground are often tightly bound to Canada s credibility in defending its sovereignty. As talk of a polar race intensifies, and new concerns arise over the continental shelf, boundaries, pollution, melting ice, and that tiny piece of rock called Hans Island, a more robust Canadian Forces presence is perceived as essential to Canada s using or losing its Arctic. But where is the justification to validate this accepted wisdom? How does a military presence play into demonstrating effective occupation? Does a military presence really strengthen Canada s sovereignty in the Arctic?

"The Canadian Forces and Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests, and Requirements, 1968 1974," introduces the debate about the Canadian Forces role, mission, and contributions to Arctic sovereignty during these pivotal years. Policy analysts grappled with many of the same issues facing decision makers today, and recently declassified documents (published in this volume for the first time) yield insights into what Canadians should reasonably expect from their military as the country develops and implements an Arctic strategy in the twenty-first century. "

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781926804002
Publisher: Wilfrid Laurier University Press
Publication date: 04/30/2010
Pages: 386
Product dimensions: 5.90(w) x 8.80(h) x 1.00(d)

About the Author

P. Whitney Lackenbauer is associate professor and chair of the Department of History at St. Jerome’s University in the University of Waterloo, and a faculty associate with the LCMSDS.

Peter Kikkert recently completed his M.A. at the University of Waterloo and is a Ph.D. student in history at the University of Western Ontario.

Table of Contents

Acronyms viii

Acknowledgements 1

Introduction 3

1 A New Focus for the Canadian Armed Forces 47

1-1 Arthur Kroeger, DND, "The Canadian Forces and the Maintenance of Canadian Sovereignty," [6 August 1968] 47

1-2 DEXAF, W.M. Weynerowski to C.J. Marshall, re: DND Paper: "The Canadian Forces and the Maintenance of Sovereignty," 9 August 1968 61

1-3 A Paper on DND Policy in the Canadian North, 27 November 1968 (updated 14 March 1969) 64

1-4 E.B. Wang, memorandum, "Role of Canadian Armed Forces in Defending Sovereignty," 30 April 1969 74

2 The Manhattan, Sovereignty, and the Canadian Response 87

2-1 Canadian Embassy in Washington to External Affairs Headquarters, re: Northwest Passage, 3 June 1969 87

2-2 Canadian Forces Headquarters to Commander, Maritime Command, re: Manhattan Project Air Surveillance, 12 June 1969 88

2-3 Commodore P.F.X. Russell to Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, 12 June 1969 89

2-4 House of Commons Debates, 15 July 1969 90

2-5 Cabinet Conclusions, "Arctic Sovereignty and The Manhattan," 11 September 1969 91

2-6 Memorandum to the Cabinet, "Canadian Sovereignty over the Waters of the Arctic Archipelago," 15 September 1969 93

2-7 Cabinet Conclusions, "Canadian Sovereignty Over the Waters of the Arctic Archipelago," 15 October 1969 106

2-8 Colonel K.W. Macdonald, Director Continental Policy (DConP), "Arctic Policy," 18 November 1969 108

2-9 Extract from Prime Minister's statement in the Throne Speech, House of Commons Debates, 24 October 1969 111

2-10 DEXAF, Notes for Discussion: "What is Necessary to Maintain National Sovereignty? What is the Role of the Canadian Armed Forces?" 29 January 1970 114

2-11 House of Commons Debates, 16 February 1970 120

2-12 House of Commons Debates, 25 February 1970 124

2-13 House of Commons Debates, 19 March 1970 125

2-14 Cabinet Conclusions, "Legislation to Prevent Pollution of the Arctic Seas," 5 February 1970 126

2-15 Director General Policy Control and Review, DND, Memorandum Exclusive to the Office of the Chief of the Defence Staff, 13 April 1970 129

2-16 House of Commons Debates, 16 April 1970 131

2-17 House of Commons Debates, 17 April 1970 134

2-18 House of Commons Debates, 10 June 1970 144

3 Preparing a Plan for the Canadian Forces 145

3-1 Colonel R.M. Withers for CDS to Director Continental Plans (DC Plans), DND, 16 April 1969, re: Canadian Forces Plan for the Arctic 145

3-2 Report of the Steering Committee on the Canadian North, "Canadian Forces Policies Objectives and Activities in the Canadian North," 5 December 1969 146

3-3 Summary Record, CDS Advisory Committee Meeting 4/70, 18 February 1970 157

3-4 Defence Council, Minute of the 287th Meeting and Briefing by BGen H. Tellier, Director General Plans, 23 March 1970 167

3-5 DND Press Release, Announcement by the Hon. Leo Cadieux, Minister of National Defence, 17 April 1970 171

3-6 DEXAF, North American Defence and NATO Division (OMD) to Legal Division (FLE), re: Department of National Defence - Paper on Sovereignty, 24 March 1970 173

3-7 DEXAF, North American Defence and NATO Division (OMD) to Legal Division (FLE), subject: Role of Canadian Armed Forces in the Protection of Sovereignty, 20 April 1970 174

3-8 Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs and National Defence, Proceedings: Tenth Report to the House, 26 June 1970. Excerpts 178

3-9 DEXAF, M. Shenstone, OMD, to PSI - Security and Intelligence Division, re: Joint Intelligence Committee 1970-71 Work Programme, the Canadian Arctic, 10 June 1970 193

3-10 Concept of Operations - Canadian Forces Northern Region, 14 July 1970 195

3-11 DEXAF, Legal Division (FLE) to North American Defence and NATO Division (OMD, subject: DND Paper on Role of Canadian Armed Forces in the Protection of Sovereignty, 5 August 1970 206

3-12 DEXAF, FLE to OMD, subject: DND Paper On "Canadian Defence Policy in the 1970's," 5 August 1970 212

3-13 DEXAF, E.B. Wang to Mr. [R.P.] Cameron, re: Canadian Forces Activities in the North: Sovereignty, 25 November 1970 214

4 The Canadian Armed Forces, Other Government Departments and the Functional Requirements of Sovereignty 217

4-1 DEXAF, M. Shenstone to E.B. Wang, re: "Report of the Working Group to clarify The Role of the Canadian Forces in Relation to Sovereignty" (undated), 23 September 1970 217

4-2 "Role of the Canadian Armed Forces in Relation to Sovereignty: Report on Consultations with Other Government Departments and Agencies," 26 January 1971 (Revised 11 May 1971) 220

4-3 Donald S. Macdonald, Minister of National Defence, to Hon. Mitchell Sharp, Secretary of State for External Affairs, 2 March 1971 244

4-4 Interdepartmental Committee on the Law of the Sea, Report of the Meeting of the Working Group on the Enforcement of Fisheries, Anti-Pollution, and Territorial Seas Legislation, 6 April 1971 245

4-5 House of Commons Debates, 21 May 1971 251

5 The White Paper on Defence 259

5-1 DEXAF, Michael Shenstone, OMD (North American Defence & NATO Division) to FLE (Legal Division), 28 January 1971 259

5-2 DEXAF, L.H.J. Legault (FLO) to J.A. Beesley (FLP), re: Draft White Paper on Defence Policy - Sovereignty Aspects, 2 February 1971 262

5-3 DEXAF, J.A. Beesley, Director General, Legal and Consular Affairs, to Director General, Office of Politico-Military Affairs, 5 February 1971 269

5-4 DEXAF, Draft Paper on Defence Policy: Comments on draft dated January 18, 1971, 11 February 1971 271

5-5 DEXAF, J.A Beesley, Director General, Bureau of Legal and Consular Affairs (FLP), to Defence Foreign Relations [DFP], re: White Paper on Defence Policy, 8 April 1971 285

5-6 Privy Council Office, Record of Cabinet Decision, meetings of 8, 15, 22 July 1971 288

5-7 Donald S. Macdonald, Minister of National Defence, Defence in the 70s. White Paper on Defence, August 1971. Excerpts 290

6 Deploying the Forces 301

6-1 BGen R.M. Withers, "Northern Region Concept for Force Development," to All Officers NRHQ, 15 June 1971 301

6-2 Department of National Defence, Submission For Inclusion in the Advisory Committee on Northern Development Annual Report, "Government Activities In The North - FY 1971/72." Excerpts 313

6-3 Department of National Defence. Defence 1971. Excerpts 324

6-4 House of Commons Debates, 12 June 1972 326

6-5 Department of National Defence. Submission for Inclusion in the Advisory Committee on Northern Development Annual Report, "Government Activities in the North - FY 1972/73." Excerpts 328

6-6 Department of National Defence. Defence 1972. Excerpts 336

6-7 House of Commons Debates, 15 October 1973 340

6-8 Department of National Defence. Submission for Inclusion in the Advisory Committee on Northern Development Annual Report, "Government Activities in the North - FY 1973/74." Excerpts 342

6-9 Department of National Defence. Defence 1973. Excerpts 350

6-10 House of Commons Debates, 24 October 1974 353

6-11 House of Commons Debates, 15 November 1974 354

6-12 House of Commons Debates, 19 November 1974 355

6-13 House of Commons Debates, 20 November 1974 357

6-14 House of Commons Debates, 25 November 1974 359

6-15 Department of National Defence, Defence 1974. Excerpts 360

6-16 House of Commons Debates, 5 June 1975 364

Afterword Rob Huebert 369

Further Reading 375

Index 381

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