Table of Contents
I Introduction 1
1 The Conversation on Sunday Afternoon 1
2 Utopia 1
3 Facts 3
4 Casus Belli in Practice 3
5 Volume Two 4
II The Eleventh Century 5
1 Introduction 5
2 The Struggle for Power in the First Fifty Years in Europe 6
A The Vikings 6
B The Rus 10
C Germany 11
3 The Muslim World in the First Half of the Eleventh Century 13
A Leadership 13
B The Fatimids 14
4 The Papacy in the First Half of the Eleventh Century 16
A In Theory 16
B In Practice 17
5 The Papacy in the Second Half of the Eleventh Century 19
A Leo IX 19
B Alexander II 20
i The War Against Islam in Sicily 21
ii The War Against Islam in Spain 22
iii The Norman Conquest of England 23
iv The Challenge to the Emperor 25
C Gregory VII 25
i Excommunicating the Emperor 28
D Urban II 31
i The Continuing Excommunication 31
6 The First Crusade 32
A The Rise of the Seljuks 32
B The Goal of Jerusalem 33
7 China 35
A The Song 35
i Philosophy and Practice 36
ii Tibet, Vietnam and Korea 37
iii The Liao and the Xi Xia 38
8 Conclusion 40
III The Twelfth Century 44
1 Introduction 44
2 Monarchy, Thrones and Territory 45
3 The Throne of England 45
A Henry 1 46
B Stephen and Matilda 48
C Henry II 49
D The Orbit of England: Scotland., Ireland and Wales 51
4 Wars between the Papacy and Empire 54
A The Concordats of London and Worms 54
B Lothair II and Conrad III 55
C Frederick Barbarossa 57
i Communes, Veches and Cortes 59
ii The Breach with Rome 62
iii The Lombard League 64
D Heinrich VI 66
E The Widening Horizon for Conflict in Europe 66
5 Non-Conformist Communities in Europe 68
6 Wars between Christianity and Islam 70
A The Christian Territories in the Holy Land 70
B The Second Crusade 71
C The Baltic and Spain 72
D Damascus 74
E Saladin 75
i The End of the Fatimids 75
ii The Capture of Christian Jerusalem 76
F The Third Crusade 77
7 China 80
A The Song and the Jin 80
8 Conclusion 82
IV The Thirteenth Century 86
1 Introduction 86
2 The Church 88
A Pope Innocent III 88
3 The Fourth Crusade 89
A The Fracturing Relationship 89
B Venice and Byzantium 90
C The Sack of Constantinople 92
4 Non-Conforming Communities 94
A Pagans, Jews and Witches 94
B The Albigensian Crusade 95
5 Christian and Muslim Conflict 98
A The Fragmentation of the Ayyubids 98
B Spain and North Africa 99
C The Fifth Crusade 100
6 Frederick II 101
A The Civil War Surrounding the Child Frederick 101
B The Battle of Bouvines and the Rise of Frederick 102
C The Challenge of the Papacy and the Sixth Crusade 104
D War, Peace and War in Italy 106
7 Following the End of the Hohenstaufen Line 110
A Italy 110
B Charles of Anjou 111
C Thomas Aquinas 111
D The Wider Ambitions of Charles of Anjou 112
(i) The Sicilian Vespers and their Aftermath 113
E Germany 115
F Rudolf von Habsburg 116
i The Break from Italy 117
ii Switzerland Begins to Surface 117
G Albert of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau 118
8 England 119
A John 119
i The Loss of Normandy 120
ii Scotland, Ireland, Wales, France and Rome 121
B The Magna Carta 123
i The First Barons' War 125
C Henry III 126
i The Pressure Grows 127
ii The Right to Topple a Tyrant 127
iii Simon de Montfort 128
iv The Second Barons' War 130
D Edward I 132
i Parliament 133
ii Wales 134
iii Scotland 135
iv France 136
v The Auld Alliance 137
9 The Mongolian Empire 138
A Genghis Khan 138
i Formation 138
ii Difference 139
iii The Xi Xia, the Jin and the Song 141
iv Korea 142
v Islam 143
vi North India 144
vii Eastern Europe 145
B Ogedei 146
i Korea 146
ii The Song 146
iii Tibet 147
iv Eastern Europe 147
C Guyuk and Mongke 150
D Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty 151
i The End of the Song 151
ii The New Approach 153
iii The Further Conquest of Asia 153
iv Japan 154
10 The Three-Way Clash in the Middle East 155
A The End of Christian Jerusalem 155
B The Seventh Crusade and the Rise of the Mamluks 156
C Halting the Mongol Juggernaut 157
D The End of the Latin Christian Areas in the Middle East 160
11 Conclusion 165
V The Fourteenth Century 170
1 Introduction 170
2 The Contest between Empire and Papacy 171
A Pope Boniface VIII 171
B The End of Albert 174
C Heinrich VII 174
(i) Dante 175
D Louis the Bavarian 177
i Popes, Philosophers and Kings 178
ii Clement VI 180
E Charles IV 181
i The Golden Bull 181
ii The Fragmentation of Empire and Church 182
iii The Western Schism 183
F Wenceslaus IV 184
3 Central and Eastern Europe 185
A Negotiated, Elected and Absolute Monarchy and Rising Superpowers 185
i The Polish-Lithuanian Union 185
ii Moscow 186
4 England and her Neighbours 187
A The Last Years of Edward I and Philip IV 187
i The Estates General 188
ii Scotland and Flanders 188
iii The Treaty of Paris 189
iv Scotland and Flanders Again 189
v The End of the Templars 190
B Edward II 191
i Piers Gaveston 191
ii Robert the Bruce 192
iii The Salic Law 195
iv Edward II Assumes Absolute Power 195
v The End of Edward II 196
vi Isabella and Mortimer 197
C Edward III 199
i Regaining Control of England 199
ii Scotland 200
D The Hundred Years War 201
i The Battle of Crécy 202
ii John II of France and the Battle of Poiters 203
iii Chaos in France 204
iv The Treaty of Bretigny 204
v The Peace Breaks 205
E Richard II 207
i The Peasants' Revolt 207
ii The Hundred Years War Flares Again 210
iii The Toppling of the King 213
5 The Wars of Islam 216
A North Africa 216
B The End of Christian Armenia 216
C The Beginnings of the Ottoman Empire 217
D The Entry into Europe 219
E The Loss of Autonomy of Constantinople 220
F Overunning the Balkans 223
6 The Last Nomadic Conqueror 224
7 China 227
A The End of the Yuan 227
B The Rise of the Ming 227
8 Conclusion 230
VI Conclusion 235
1 Migratory Forces 235
2 Monarchy 235
3 Politics 239
4 Religion 243
A Inter-Christian Warfare 243
B Inter-Religious Warfare 247
C The Mongol Dimension 249
D The Post Mongol World: The Ottoman Empire, Timur and the Ming 251
Index 255
