Table of Contents
Acknowledgements xiii
Preface xv
List of Abbreviations xvii
List of Tables xxix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
The Two Testaments and "Biblical Theology" Movement 1
Canonical Approach 3
Tradition-Historical Approach 4
Christology Within Jewish Conceptual Bounds 8
Centrality of Christology in the Fourth Gospel 9
Johannine Christology from the Vantage Point of the Jewish Context 15
The Main Thesis 19
History of Research 20
Theios Aner Theory 20
Johannine Christology and the Jewish Messianic Figures 22
T.F. Glasson 22
Wayne Meeks 23
J. Louis Martyn 24
Marinus de Jonge 27
Georg Richter, Francis Grob, and Wolfgang Bittner 30
Marie-Émile Boismard 31
Margaret Daly-Denton 31
Eric M.E.Wallace 32
Recent German Contributions With a Particular Emphasis on Scripture as Christological Witness 33
Martin Hengel 34
Andreas Obermann 34
Christian Dictzfelbinger 35
Wolfgang Kraus 35
M.J.J. Menken 37
William Loader 38
Klaus Scholtissek 39
Michael Labahn 40
Hans-Josef Klauk 41
Michael Theobald 41
Justification for the Present Study 42
Scripture as Christological Witness 42
Lack of Study on the Old Testament Characters 43
Legitimacy of tradition-historical Approach 43
Methods 44
Diachronic and Synchronic Approaches 44
Intertexuality 48
Category of Intertextuality 48
Implication of Orality 52
Religious Comparative Analysis 54
Chronological boundaries of early Judaism 55
Terms 56
Typology and Orefiguration 56
Messiah and Christ 56
Contributions 58
Old Testament Characters as Christological Witnesses 58
Affinity between Early Judaism and John 58
Competency of Redactor/Author of the Fourth Gospel 59
Scope 62
Limitations 63
Chapter 2 The Jewish Patriarchs 65
Introduction 65
Jacob 66
Allusions to the Bethel Theophany: John 1:51 66
Narrative Context 67
Excursus 1 The "Son of Man" in John 1:51 68
Jacob-Jesus Typology 71
Ladder-Jesus Typology 72
Contents of theophany 74
Summary 77
Jacob, the Provider of Water: John 4:10-14 77
Narrative Context 77
Jacob's Well 80
The Contrast of Jacob's Water With Jesus' 82
Summary 83
Abraham as Christological Witness: John 8:51-58 84
Narrative Context 85
Excursus 2 The Johannine Antagonists 86
Immortality of Jesus and of Abraham 87
Abraham's Witness of the Pre-Existent Jesus 91
Temporal Priority of Jesus over Abraham 93
Summary 94
Conclusion 95
Chapter 3 Elijah 97
Introduction 97
Elijah in Second Temple Judaism 98
Eschatological Reconciliation Ministry 99
Malachi 99
Sirach 100
Apocalyptic Militant Subjugation 101
Sibylline Oracles and the Coptic Apocalypse of Elijah 101
The Nag Hammadi Library 102
The Qumran Documents 103
4Q521 104
Scribal Expectation of Elijah's Return 106
Elijah in the Synoptic Gospel 108
Elijah in John's Gospel 109
Jesus as Elijah 110
Cullmann, Schnackenburg, and Rebinson 110
J. Louis Martyn 112
Excursus 3 John Mcier's Eschatological Prophet Paradigm 114
John the Baptist as Elijah 114
Marinus de Jonge 114
Eticnne Teicme 115
John the Baptist Not as Elijah 117
Markus Ohler 117
High View of John the Baptist 119
Anachronism and the Textual testimony 120
Narrative Function of John the Bapist in Fourth Gospel 120
Witness 120
Divine Provenance 123
Analogy with and Comparison to Jesus 123
Mediator 125
Recapitulation of the Old Testament 125
Conclusion 126
Chapter 4 David 128
Introduction 128
David in the Old Testament and in the Second Temple Period 128
Ideal Ruler 129
Exemplary Jew 131
Davidic Messianic Expectations in the Old Testament 131
Davidic Messianic Expectations in the Second Temple Judaism 134
1 Maccabees and Sirach 134
Psalms of Solomon 135
4Ezra 136
4Q252 137
Summary 138
David in the Synoptic Gospels 139
Messianic Role of David in John 141
Daly-Denton 142
Jesus as the Replacement of the Temple: John 2:17 143
Jesus as a Davidic Posterity?: John 7:42 148
Jesus as Davidic King of Israel?: John 12:13 152
Passion as a Messianic Qualification 155
Judas' betrayal as Foreshadowed in David: John 13:18 159
Irony of Jewish Persecution: John 15:25 162
Allocation of Jesus' clothes: John 19:24 163
Jesus' thirst: John 19:28 165
Not breaking of the legs: John 19:36-37 167
Piercing of the side: John 19:37 169
Conclusion 171
Chapter 5 Moses 173
Introductioin 173
Mosaic Images in the Old Testament and in Early Judaism 175
Moses as Authority Figure with Particular Emphasis on Law-Giving and Legitimatizing 176
The Old Testament 176
Sirach, the Assumption of Moses, and 1 Esdras 180
4 Maccabees 182
2 Maccabees 183
Qumran 185
Excursus 4 The Letter of Aristeas and Moses 190
Moses as Prophet With Particular Emphasis on Intercession and Miracle-Working 191
The Old Testament 191
Sirach, 2 Maccabees, the Wisdom of Solomon 193
The Assumption of Moses 194
Qumran 196
Mose as Royal figure 200
The Old Testament 200
God language of Moses in Exodus, Sirach, and Philo 205
The Exagoge of Ezekiel 209
The Sibylline Oracle 211
Philo 212
Josephus and Qumran 214
Moses as Eschatological Prophet 214
Deutcronomy 18:15 214
Rabbinic tradition 217
Samaritan tradition 219
Excursus 5 Schism between Jews and Samaritans 221
Qumran tradition 223
Summary 230
Moses in the New Testament 231
Moses in the Gospel of John 231
Law through Moses, Grace Through Jesus: JOhn 1:16-17 232
Structure of the Prologue 235
Syntax 238
Semantics 241
Summary 244
Serpent of Moses: John 3:14 245
Context 246
T.F. Glasson 247
Critique of Glasson 249
Summary 250
Witness and Accusation of Moses: John 1:45, 5:37-39. 46 251
Controversial Context 252
A Series of Witnesses 253
An allusion to the Sinai account 254
Klaus Scholtissek and the Majority View 254
Bertold Klappert 257
Marie-Emaile Boismard 258
Summary 261
Allusions to the Exodus Events: John 6:14-15, 32-33 262
Narrative Unity 263
Thematic link between John 5 and 6 264
Wayne Meeks 265
Critique of Meeks 267
John Dennis 268
Critique of Dennis 269
Summary 273
Conclusion 274
Chapter 6 Concluding Reflections 276
Summary of Foregoing Observatioins 276
Research Results 278
Implications for Study of John's Gospel 279
Appendix 1 Messianism/Christology in the Old Testament and in the Fourth Gospel 281
Appendix 2 Religionsgeschichte and the Fourth Gospel 289
Importance of Religionsgeschichte 289
Bickermann/Hengel Theory 290
Hellenistic(especially Gnostic) Influence 291
C.H. Dodd 295
Semitic Linguistic Features 296
Recent Archaeological Discoveries 297
Conceptual Affinities 299
After Dodd 300
Appendix 3 The Old Testament in John 305
Significance of the Old Testament 305
Fulfillment Motif in the Passion Narratives 308
Appendix 4 The Internal Well of Loving Water in John 7:38 311
Appendix 5 Explicit Old Testament Materials in John 312
Appendix 6 Important Sources On the Study of the Old Testament and the Early Jewish Literature in the Gospel of John 317
The Hebrew Old Testament 317
The Greek Old Testament 317
The Greek New Testament 318
The Old Testament Apocrypha 318
The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha 318
The Qumran Literature 319
Early Rabbinic Literature 320
The Samaritan Pentateuch 320
Hellenistic Writings 321
Miscellaneous Secondary Sources 321
Appendix 7 The Use of Rabbinic Materials for New Testament Studies 323
Bibliography 325
Primary Sources 326
Books 328
Articles 347
Dissertations 387
Author Index 388
Scripture Index 399
Index For Other Ancient Sources 406
