The Complete Guide to High-End Audio

The Complete Guide to High-End Audio

by Robert Harley
The Complete Guide to High-End Audio

The Complete Guide to High-End Audio

by Robert Harley

Paperback(Sixth edition)

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Overview

In this newly updated directory, the latest in cutting-edge audio equipment is provided, including how to choose the best audio equipment on a budget, how to get the best sound for the money, and how to set up a system for maximum performance. Revised and expanded to include all the latest audio technologies, this book is packed with expert advice how to make speakers sound up to 50 percent better at no cost, avoid the most common system set-up mistakes, and how to choose the one speaker in 50 worth owning. Among the new topics covered are streaming audio, computer-based music servers, music-management apps, wireless streaming, high-resolution digital audio. A short course on listening-room acoustics is presented and additional information on audio for home theater, multichannel audio, system set-up secrets, and what each component's specifications and measurements mean is also provided.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781736254509
Publisher: Acapella Publishing
Publication date: 10/01/2021
Edition description: Sixth edition
Pages: 592
Sales rank: 267,348
Product dimensions: 7.00(w) x 10.00(h) x 1.20(d)

About the Author

Robert Harley is the editor in chief of The Absolute Sound, the world's most respected magazine on high-performance audio. He has written more than 1,200 product reviews and articles on high-quality music reproduction. His books on home audio have sold more than 300,000 copies in five languages. He lives in Albuquerque, NM.

Table of Contents

Foreword xvi

Preface to the Sixth Edition xviii

About the Author xx

1 What Is High-End Audio? 1

2 Choosing a High-End Audio System 7

Introduction 7

Choosing the System Best Suited to Your Needs 9

Setting Your Budget 10

The Complete vs. the Incremental Purchase 11

Value vs. Luxury Components 12

Allocating Your Budget to Specific Components 13

Upgrading a Single Component 16

How to Read Magazine Reviews 17

System Matching 20

Do's and Don'ts of Selecting Components 21

Your Relationship with the Retailer 22

Used Equipment 24

Product Upgrades 25

Component Selection Summary 25

3 Becoming a Better Listener 27

Audiophile Values 29

Pitfalls of Becoming a Critical Listener 32

Sonic Descriptions and their Meanings 32

Tonal Balance 35

Perspective 36

The Treble 36

The Midrange 38

The Bass 40

Soundstaging 42

Dynamics 45

Detail 46

Pace, Rhythm, and Timing 47

Coherence 48

Musicality 48

Notes on Learning Descriptive Terms 51

Critical-Listening Setup Procedures 51

Single-Presentation Listening-What It's All About 54

Critical Listening Summary 55

Addendum: Level Matching 55

4 Preamplifiers and Phono Stages 57

Introduction 57

How to Choose a Preamplifier 61

Balanced and Unbalanced Connections 63

What to Listen For 63

Tubes vs. Transistors 66

Tube Life and Replacement Options 67

The Line-Stage Preamplifier 68

The Phono-Stage Preamplifier 69

RIAA Equalization 69

Phono-Stage Gain 71

Cartridge Loading 73

Balanced Phono Inputs 74

The Transimpedance Phono Stage 74

Non-Standard Phono Stages 74

The Digital Preamplifier 75

Audio/Video Controllers and Multichannel Preamplifiers How a Preamplifier Works 76

Balanced and Unbalanced Preamplifiers 78

5 Power and Integrated Amplifiers 81

Introduction 81

How to Choose a Power Amplifier 83

Integrated Amplifiers 83

How Much Power Do You Need? 85

The dBW Power Rating 86

Why Amplifier Output Current Matters 88

What to Look For when Comparing Power Ratings 89

Why Amplifier Power Isn't Everything 90

Other Power-Amplifier Considerations 92

Tubes vs. Transistors 92

Balanced Inputs 93

Bridging 94

Bi-Amping 94

What to Listen For 96

A Survey of Amplifier Types 98

Single-Ended-Triode Amplifiers 98

Single-Ended Solid-State Amplifiers 100

Class D (Switching) Power Amplifiers 101

Digital Amplifiers 102

A Unique Amplifier 104

Output-Stage Topology and Class of Operation 105

How a Power Amplifier Works 108

The Power Supply 109

Input and Driver Stages 110

Output Stage 111

How a Tubed Power Amplifier Works 112

6 Loudspeakers 117

Introduction 117

How to Choose a Loudspeaker 118

Other Guidelines in Choosing Loudspeakers 120

Finding the Right Loudspeaker-Before You Buy 121

What to Listen For 122

Loudspeaker Types and How They Work 124

The Dynamic Driver 124

The Coaxial (Concentric) Driver 126

Dynamic Compression 127

Problems with Dynamic Drivers 128

The Electromagnetic Dynamic Driver 128

The Planar-Magnetic Transducer 129

The Heil Air-Motion Transformer 133

The Electrostatic Driver 134

The Dipolar Radiation Patterns of Ribbons and Electrostatics 137

Bipolar and Omnidirectional Loudspeakers 137

The Horn Driver 139

Waveguides 141

The Plasma Driver 142

The Bending-Wave Driver 142

The Full-Range Driver 144

Loudspeaker Enclosures 144

Infinite-Baffle Loading 145

Reflex Loading 145

Passive Radiators 147

Transmission-Line Loading 147

Isobaric Loading 148

The Finite Baffle 148

System Q 149

Powered and Servo-Driven Woofers 150

Enclosure Resonances 152

Enclosure Shapes 155

Loudspeaker Footers 156

Crossovers 157

Powered and Active Loudspeakers 160

Digital Loudspeakers 161

DSP Loudspeakers 163

Wireless Loudspeakers and Integrated Systems 164

Subwoofers 166

Subwoofer Technical Overview 170

Loudspeaker Stands 172

7 Digital Source Components: DACs, Music Servers, Streaming, Disc Players, Interfaces 173

Introduction 173

How to Choose a Digital Source-Overview 174

What to Listen For 175

DAC Features and Specifications 178

Number and Type of Inputs 183

Wireless Connection: Bluetooth, AirPlay2, and Chromecast 184

Master Quality Authenticated (MQA) 186

Streaming 186

Choosing a Streaming Service 186

Networking Capability 188

DSD Decoding 188

DSD over PCM (DoP) 189

Volume Control and Source Switching 190

Selectable Digital Filters 191

Balanced Outputs 191

Upsampling 192

Internet Radio 192

Hardware or Software Updatable DACs 192

Music Servers 193

Music Server Sound Quality: Better than Disc 194

Music Server Features 195

Music-Management App 196

Integral DAC 196

Roon 196

Integral Storage 199

External Storage and Backup: USB and NAS Drives 199

Digital Outputs 200

DSD Support 201

Music Server Accessories 201

USB Reclockers 201

Ethernet Isolators and Switches 202

A Music-Server Alternative: The Network Bridge 202

Downloading Music 204

File Formats 204

Download Caveats 206

Transferring an LP Collection to a Server 207

Disc Players 209

Super Audio Compact Disc (SACD) 210

Universal Disc Players 211

Blu-ray Disc 212

Bass Management in SACD and Universal Players 212

Extracting High-Resolution Data Streams from Disc Players 213

Digital Interfaces 214

S/PDIF 214

USB 216

Ethernet 217

I2S 217

Proprietary Digital Interfaces 218

Jitter in the Digital Interface 218

Outboard Clocks 219

Computer-Based Music Servers 221

The Do-It-Yourself, PC-Based Music Server 221

The Importance of Bit Transparency 221

Computer Requirements 222

Operating System and Playback Software 223

Metadata 223

Hard-Disk and Solid-State Storage 224

Loading Your Server with Music 225

Getting Music from the Server to Your Playback System 227

Networking 228

Technical Addenda 229

High-Resolution Digital Audio: Why 44.1kHz Sampling and 16-bit Quantization Aren't Enough 229

16 Bits, 20 Bits, 24 Bits 231

A Caveat About High-Resolution Digital Audio 233

Direct Stream Digital 234

How a DAC Works 236

Custom Digital Filters 238

Digital-to-Analog Conversion 238

Delta-Sigma DACs 239

Analog Stages 241

Balanced Outputs 241

MQA Explained 243

Background: An End-to-End System 244

MQA in Practice 245

MQA Sound Quality 247

MQA Technology 247

Temporal Blur 248

Rethinking the Container 250

Encapsulation and Music Origami 252

8 Turntables, Tonearms, and Cartridges: The LP Playback System 255

Introduction 255

LP Playback Hardware Overview 257

System Hierarchy: Why the LP Front End Is So Important 257

How to Choose an LP Playback System 257

What to Listen For 260

Technical Aspects of Choosing an LP Front End 263

The Turntable 265

The Base and Plinth 266

Sprung and Unsprung Turntables 267

The Platter and Bearing Assembly 269

Platter Mats, Record Clams, and Vacuum Hold-Down Systems 270

The Drive System 271

The Tonearm 272

The Phono Cartridge 277

Moving-Magnet and Moving-Coil Cartridges 277

The Moving-Iron Cartridge 279

The Strain-Gauge Cartridge 280

The Optical Cartridge 280

Phono Cartridges and Balanced Operation 281

Stylus Shapes and Cantilever Materials 282

LP Playback System Setup 284

Record Care and Cleaning 288

Vinyl as Art: Half-Speed Mastering, 45rpm Pressings, 180-Gram Vinyl, Mobile Fidelity's One-Step Process, and Direct-to-Disc LPs 291

9 Cables and Interconnects 297

Introduction 297

How to Choose Cables and Interconnects 299

How Much Should You Spend on Cables and Interconnects? 301

What to Listen For 302

Binding Posts and Cable Terminations 303

Bi-Wired Loudspeaker Cables 304

Balanced and Unbalanced Lines 306

Cable and Interconnect Construction 309

Conductors 309

The Dielectric 310

Terminations 311

Geometry 311

Terminated Cables and Interconnects 312

Batter Bias in Cables and Interconnects 313

Cable and Interconnect Specifications 316

Cables in the Power-Amplifier / Loudspeaker Interface 315

10 Audio for Home Theater 317

Introduction 317

Overview of Home-Theater Systems 318

Dolby Atmos and DTS:X 320

Should You Choose a 5.1-, 7.1-, or 9.1-Channel System? 321

Home-Theater Controllers 322

How to Choose a Controller 323

Inputs, Outputs, and Source Switching 323

Automatic Calibration 324

DSP Speaker and Room Correction 325

Analog Bypass Modes 325

Bass-Management Flexibility 326

8-Channel Analog Input 326

Digital-to-Analog Conversion 327

7.1-Channel and 9.1-Channel Playback from 5.1-Channel Sources 327

THX Certification 327

Audio Return Channel, Network Connection, Wireless Streaming,-and Multi-Zone 328

Multichannel Power Amplifiers 328

How to Choose a Home-Theater Power Amplifier 329

Loudspeakers for Home Theater 330

The Center-Channel Speaker 330

Adding a Center Speaker to Your System 331

Left and Right Speakers 331

Surround Speakers 332

Dipolar and Bipolar Surround Speakers 332

Surround-Back Speakers 332

Height Speakers 334

Subwoofers 334

Setting Up a Home Theater 334

Basic Setup 334

Acoustical Treatment 335

Speaker Placement 335

Surround Speaker Placement 335

Center Speaker Placement 336

Left and Right Speaker Placement 336

Calibrating a Home Theater 337

Bass Management 338

Setting Individual Channel Levels 338

Adding Home Theater without Compromising Music Performance 339

Addendum: Surround-Sound Formats Explained 341

11 Multichannel Audio 345

Introduction 345

A Short History of Multichannel Audio 346

Do We Want Multichannel Music Playback? 348

How to Get Multichannel Audio in Your Home 352

Loudspeaker Types and Placement 354

Bass Management 354

Calibration 355

Multichannel Playback from 2-Channel Sources 356

Ambisonics 358

12 Personal Audio: Headphones, Desktop, and Mobile Audio 361

Introduction 361

Headphones 362

Earbuds, Earphones, and In-Ear Monitors 362

Headphones 364

Dynamic, Electrostatic, and Planar-Magnetic Headphones 367

Headphone Enhancement Technologies 369

Crossfeed Circuits 369

Smyth Virtual Surround (SVS) 369

Binaural Listening 371

Multichannel Headphones 372

Headphone Specifications 373

Headphone Amplifiers 374

Balanced and Unbalanced Drive 375

Portable Audio 376

Desktop Audio 379

13 System Setup Secrets, Part 1: Loudspeaker Placement and Room Acoustics 381

Introduction 381

Loudspeaker Placement 382

Loudspeaker Placement in Asymmetrical Rooms 389

Short-Wall vs. Long-Wall Placement 391

Dipolar and Bipolar Loudspeaker Placement 392

Subwoofer Setup and Placement 393

Loudspeaker Placement Summary 395

Common Room Problems and How to Treat Them 396

Acoustical Dos and Don'ts 404

A Short Course in Acoustical Theory 406

Listening-Room Resonance Modes 406

Optimizing Dimensional Ratios 408

Standing Waves 412

Reverberation 413

Building a Listening Room from Scratch 417

Isolating the Listening Room 417

The IsoWall Technique 418

DSP Room Correction 421

14 System Setup Secrets, Part 2: Expert Tuning Techniques, Accessories, Equipment Racks, and AC Power Conditioners 425

Introduction 425

Accessories 426

How to Choose Accessories 427

Analog Accessories 432

System Setup Techniques 435

Equipment Placement 435

Cables and Interconnects 436

Tubed Equipment 437

LP Playback 438

Digital Playback 439

Loudspeakers 439

AC Power 440

General 440

Equipment Racks and Isolation Devices 441

Equipment Racks 441

Vibration-Control Accessories; Spikes, Feet, and Cones 443

AC Power Conditioners and AC Cords 444

AC Power Cords 447

Dedicated AC Lines 447

A Final Note 450

15 Specifications and Measurements 451

Preamplifiers 451

Power Amplifiers 454

Loudspeakers 456

Digital Components 461

Appendix A Sound and Hearing 463

Introduction: What is Sound? 463

Period and Frequency 464

Wavelength 465

Phase 465

Absolute Polarity 466

Complex Waves 467

Comb Filtering 469

Absorption, Reflection, and Diffusion 469

Diffraction 470

The Decibel (dB) 471

Frequency, Loudness, and Equal Loudness Contours 474

Weighting Filters 475

The Dynamic Nature of Music 476

Localization 477

Other Psychoacoustic Phenomena 478

Appendix B Audio and Electronics Basics 479

Introduction 479

Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Power 479

Ohm's Law 480

Series and Parallel Circuits 482

Alternating Current (AC) 483

Electromagnetic Induction, Inductance, and Capacitance 484

Filters 486

Impedance 488

Loudspeaker Phase Angle 489

Capacitor Types 490

Anatomy of an Audio Product 491

The Power Supply 491

Amplifier Circuits 494

Amplifier Distortion 498

Vacuum Tube Amplifiers 499

Operational Amplifiers 500

Digital Electronics 501

Appendix C Digital Audio Basics 503

Introduction 503

Binary Number System 504

Sampling and Quantization 505

Sampling Rate, Nyquist Theorem, and Aliasing 506

Quantization 509

Dither 511

Digital Audio Storage 513

Error Correction 53

Digital-to-Analog Conversion 514

Jitter Explained 514

Digital Signal Processing (DSP) 516

Perceptual Coding 517

Glossary 519

Index 559

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