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Overview
• Provides detailed and accurate anatomical drawings, zone and reflex maps, and muscle tables
• Offers extensive basic pathology of all body systems, including case studies
• Ideal for students of reflexology up to levels 2 and 3; exceeds the curriculum requirements of all the major awarding bodies
• Includes a study outline for each chapter as well as review and multiple choice questions
Reflexology is a gentle, non-invasive therapy that encourages the body to balance and heal itself. It involves applying finger or thumb pressure to specific points on the hands and feet. Called “reflexes,” these points reflect, or mirror, the organs and structures of the body as well as a person’s emotional health. In this way, the hands and feet are “mini maps” or “microcosms” of the body that can be used to encourage holistic healing.
Presenting the most complete reflexology study guide available, this full-color illustrated textbook is designed for use both in the classroom and as a home study resource. Ideal for students of reflexology up to levels 2 and 3, it exceeds the curriculum requirements of all the major awarding bodies as well as meeting the current National Occupational Standards for reflexology.
Providing detailed and accurate anatomical drawings, zone and reflex maps, and muscle tables, the book outlines each body system, explaining how, when, and why to work the reflexes. It explores foot reflexology, hand reflexology, as well as meridian therapy and offers extensive basic pathology of all body systems, including case studies, allowing the student to develop interpretive diagnostic and treatment planning skills. Each chapter also includes a study outline as well as review and multiple choice questions.
Offering a comprehensive guide to the theory, philosophies, and history of reflexology, this book will encourage students to develop understanding and confidence in their reflexology practice.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781644116258 |
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Publisher: | Inner Traditions/Bear & Company |
Publication date: | 01/17/2023 |
Edition description: | 3rd Edition, Third Edition |
Pages: | 312 |
Sales rank: | 429,954 |
Product dimensions: | 7.44(w) x 9.69(h) x 0.80(d) |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
From Chapter 2: Foot Reflexology
“See to the feet, my friend, and you have seen to the body.”
—Traditional Japanese saying
Did you know?
On average, our feet carry us more than five times the circumference of the globe in our lifetime.
Introduction
Foot reflexology is probably the most common form of reflexology, and it was onto the feet that Eunice Ingham first mapped the reflexes of the body and where she discovered crystal deposits. In this chapter you will learn about the structure and function of the feet as well as the basic techniques you will need to give a reflexology treatment on the feet.
Student objectives
By the end of this chapter you will be able to:
• Describe the structure of the leg and foot, including the bones, muscles, nerves and blood vessels
• Map the body on to the feet
• Read and interpret the feet in preparation for a reflexology treatment
• Perform both relaxation and pressure techniques and give a complete reflexology treatment.
STRUCTURE OF THE LEG AND FOOT
Bones of the leg and foot
Here is a reminder of some important anatomical terms you will need to know while studying reflexology:
• Plantar – the bottom, or sole, of the foot
• Dorsum/dorsal surface – the top of the foot
• Medial – towards the midline of the body (towards the big-toe side of the foot)
• Lateral – away from the midline of the body (towards the little-toe side of the foot)
• Distal – further away from a centre of attachment (e.g., the toes are distal to the ankle)
• Proximal – closer to a centre of attachment (e.g., the ankle is proximal to the toes)
• Longitudinal line – a vertical line (runs from the top to the bottom of the body or vice versa)
• Transverse line – a horizontal line (runs from side to side).
Did you know?
One-quarter of all the bones in your body are in your feet. If these bones are out of alignment, then the rest of your body will be too.
The foot is made up of 26 extremely strong bones that bear the weight of our bodies and enable us to walk, run and jump. These bones fall into three groups: the tarsals, the metatarsals and the phalanges.
Did you know?
The word ‘navicular’ means boat-shaped, and the navicular bone in your foot is so called because it is shaped like a boat. Similarly, the word ‘cuneiform’ means wedge-shaped, and this perfectly describes the shape of the three cuneiform bones in your foot. Finally, the cuboid bone is shaped like a cube.
The leg consists of two bones: the larger, stronger tibia, which is commonly called the shinbone, and the thin fibula, which runs parallel to the tibia. The tibia and fibula meet the talus bone of the foot at the ankle joint.
Body weight is distributed among the seven tarsal bones, which are arranged more irregularly than the carpal bones of the wrist; this irregularity is due to adaptations resulting from our adoption of an upright position.
The calcaneus, or heel bone, is the largest tarsal bone; it rests on the ground when the body assumes a standing position. The tarsal bones, together with the five long metatarsal bones, form the weight-bearing arch of the foot, which is reinforced by ligaments and muscles. Body weight supported by the foot is spread across the arches formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones, which make contact with the ground when we stand.
Bones of the foot
Tarsals (7)
The tarsus, or back portion, of the foot is made up of seven bones which together are called the tarsals. For ease of learning, the tarsals can be arranged into two rows – the calcaneus and cuboid are the outer, strong, solid bones that support the weight of the body, while the talus, navicular and the three cuneiforms are the inner bones that give the foot its elasticity. The tarsals are the:
• Talus: This is the ankle bone and it supports the tibia and fibula
• Calcaneus: This forms the heel of the foot
• Cuboid
• Navicular
• Medial cuneiform
• Intermediate cuneiform
• Lateral cuneiform
Metatarsals (5)
Five long bones form the main body and ball of the foot. These are the metatarsals and they are numbered 1 to 5, starting with the medial (big-toe) side of the foot.
Phalanges (14)
Fourteen smaller bones work together to form the toes of the foot, and these are called the phalanges. The big toe is made up of only two phalanges (proximal and distal), while all the other toes are made up of three (proximal, middle and distal). The big toe is sometimes called the hallux.
The foot is often discussed in terms of three functional zones:
• The hindfoot – talus and calcaneus
• The midfoot – navicular, cuboid and cuneiforms
• The forefoot – metatarsals and phalanges.
Study tip
A reminder of some anatomical terminology:
Anterior – at the front
Aponeurosis – a sheet-like tendon that attaches muscles to bone, to skin or to another muscle
Calcaneal – relating to the heel
Evert – turn the sole of the foot outwards
Hallux – big toe
Interosseous membrane – membrane between bones
Invert – turn the sole of the foot inwards
Malleolus – ankle bone
Pedal – relating to the foot
Phalange/phalanx/digit – toe or finger
Plantar – relating to the sole of the foot
Posterior – at the back
Sural – relating to the calf
Tarsal – relating to the ankle/back part of the foot
Arches of the foot
The bones of the foot are arranged into three arches that distribute the weight of the body over the entire foot and also give the foot its ‘springiness’ and movement. These arches are the:
Medial longitudinal arch: This runs longitudinally down the medial length of the foot. It consists of the calcaneus, talus, navicular, all three cuneiforms and the medial first three metatarsals.
Lateral longitudinal arch: This runs longitudinally down the lateral length of the foot. It consists of the calcaneus, cuboid and the lateral two metatarsals.
Transverse arch: This runs transversely across the foot and is formed by the cuboid, all three cuneiforms and the bases of the five metatarsals.
* * *
MAPPING THE BODY ONTO THE FEET
In chapter 1 you learned the basic concepts behind reflexology. These are:
• The body can be divided into longitudinal and transverse zones, and any congestion in a zone in the body can be worked on the corresponding zone on the hand or foot.
• The hands and feet are maps, or mirrors, of all the organs and structures in the body and any congestion in the body can be worked in the corresponding reflex on the hand or foot.
We will now look at these basic concepts in relation to the feet.
Transverse zones/body relation lines of the feet
The transverse lines can be easily located:
• The shoulder line is found at the base of the toes.
• The diaphragm line lies just below the metatarsal pad, or ball of the foot, where the colour and texture of the skin changes.
• The waist line can be located by feeling along the lateral edge of the foot until you feel a bone protruding outwards. This is the fifth metatarsal bone and by drawing a line directly across the foot from this protuberance you will find the waist line.
• Finally, the pelvic line lies at the beginning of the heel, once again where there is a change in the colour and texture of the skin.
* * *
READING AND INTERPRETING THE FEET
Study tip
The best place to start learning reflexology is your own feet. So have a good look at them and see what they tell you about your health and personality.
Your feet are more than simply structures upon which you walk. They are a mirror of your body and soul, revealing your health, energy and even your emotions. By looking closely at a person’s feet you will find that every detail is telling you something about that person – a mole, a bunion, even a verruca is telling you what is going on inside your client.
Before every reflexology treatment spend a few minutes assessing your client’s feet and listen to what they are telling you:
• Get a general overview of the feet.
• Look for any local contraindications.
• Look at the colour of the feet.
• Smell them.
• Feel their temperature.
• Feel for excess moisture or dryness.
• Feel the tone of the feet.
• Look and feel for changes in skin texture.
• Look and feel for any structural foot disorders.
• Move the feet to check for mobility and flexibility.
• Examine the nails.
Table of Contents
Introduction 5
Chapter 1 What is Reflexology? 7
History of Reflexology 8
Theory of Reflexology 11
How Does Reflexology Work? 15
Stress and Its Effects on the Body 20
Effects of Reflexology 24
Contraindications and Cautions to Reflexology 25
Study Outline 30
Multiple-Choice Questions 32
Chapter 2 Foot Reflexology 33
Structure of the Leg and Foot 34
Mapping the Body onto the Feet 49
Reading and Interpreting the Feet 56
Case Studies: Reading the Feet 66
Reflexology Techniques 69
Study Outline 83
Multiple-Choice Questions 86
Chapter 3 Hand Reflexology 87
Structure of the Forearm and Hand 88
Mapping the Body onto the Hands 102
Reading and interpreting the Hands 105
Case Study: Reading the Hands 111
Reflexology Techniques 111
Study Outline 116
Multiple-Choice Questions 118
Chapter 4 Applied Reflexology 119
Overview of the Human Body 119
Musculoskeletal System 121
Nervous System 138
Endocrine System 147
The Chakra System 157
Respiratory System 158
Cardiovascular System 165
Lymphatic and immune System 171
Digestive System 178
Urinary (Renal) System 186
Reproductive System 190
Male Reproductive System 190
Female Reproductive System 193
Integumentary System and the Special Senses 199
Study Outline 205
Multiple-Choice Questions 211
Chapter 5 Meridian Therapy 213
Yin/Yang 213
Five Elements 215
Qi and the Fundamental Substances of the Body 216
Meridians 217
Study Outline 230
Multiple-Choice Questions 230
Chapter 6 Diseases and Disorders 233
Diseases and Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 233
Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System 238
Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System 241
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System 243
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System 246
Diseases and Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune System 249
Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System 251
Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary (Renal) System 255
Diseases and Disorders of the Reproductive System 256
Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System and the Special Senses 259
Chapter 7 Clinical Practice 263
Preparing Yourself as a Therapist 263
Preparing Your Environment 264
Laws and Legislation 267
Working With a Client 268
Reactions (Contra-actions) to Reflexology 271
Case Study 275
Reflective Practice 284
Study Outline 288
Multiple-Choice Questions 288
Chapter 8 Exploring Reflexology and Other Complementary Therapies 291
Taking Reflexology Further 291
Other Complementary Therapies 293
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions 298
Bibliography 299
Glossary 301
Index 305