The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes

by Haraldur Sigurdsson, Bruce Houghton (Editor), Steve McNutt (Editor), Hazel Rymer (Editor), John Stix (Editor)

Overview

Volcanoes are unquestionably one of the most spectacular and awe-inspiring features of the physical world. Our paradoxical fascination with them stems from their majestic beauty and powerful, sometimes deadly, destructiveness. Notwithstanding the tremendous advances in volcanology since ancient times, some of the mystery surrounding volcanic eruptions remains today. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes summarizes our present knowledge of volcanoes; it provides a comprehensive source of information on the causes of volcanic eruptions and both the destructive and beneficial effects. The early chapters focus on the science of volcanism (melting of source rocks, ascent of magma, eruption processes, extraterrestrial volcanism, etc.). Later chapters discuss human interface with volcanoes, including the history of volcanology, geothermal energy resources, interaction with the oceans and atmosphere, health aspects of volcanism, mitigation of volcanic disasters, post-eruption ecology, and the impact of eruptions on organismal biodiversity.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780123859389
Publisher:	Elsevier Science
Publication date:	04/14/2015
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	1456
Product dimensions:	8.90(w) x 11.30(h) x 2.40(d)

About the Author

Haraldur Sigurdsson is emeritus professor at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island in the United States of America. He has worked on volcanic processes and the geochemistry of volcanic rocks for over fifty years. His studies have in part been focused on the impact of volcanic activity on human populations, especially his work on Vesuvius in Italy, Tambora in Indonesia, El Chichon in Mexico and studies of deadly gas bursts from Cameroon crater lakes. He has also studied the global environmental effects of meteorite impacts, such as the one that marks the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. His books include Melting the Earth, accounting for the evolution of ideas about formation of magmas and the origin of volcanic eruptions. Haraldur is currently director of the Volcano Museum in Stykkisholmur, Iceland.

Bruce Houghton is the Gordon MacDonald Professor in Volcanology at University of Hawaii at Manoa and Hawaiian State Volcanologist and a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand. He is also Science Director at the National Disaster Preparedness Training Center at University of Hawaii. Previously he had a career of twenty five years as a volcanologist in New Zealand, culminating in leading the scientific response to the 1995-96 eruption of Ruapehu volcano. Bruce has published over 220 research papers in international journals and has worked in Alaska, Chile, El Salvador, Greece, Hawaii, Iceland, Italy, Germany, Nicaragua, Thailand and New Zealand.

Steve McNutt is a Professor in the School of Geosciences at the University of South Florida (USF). He has worked on volcanic processes using seismology, infrasound, and lightning instruments for over 35 years. He worked half time for the Alaska Volcano Observatory from 1991-2012 and was closely involved in monitoring efforts for eruptions at Spurr, Pavlof, Shishaldin, Augustine, Okmok, Kasatochi, and Redoubt volcanoes. He coordinates seismology research at USF, and presently supervises 3 graduate students and a Post-Doc. His research interests include: 1) studies of source and propagation effects for volcanic tremor, low-frequency events, and explosion earthquakes; 2) volcanic hazards assessments in Alaska, California, and Central America; 3) the mechanical behavior of volcanoes, including periodicity of eruptions, and the effects of earth tides, sea level variations, and tectonic stresses on triggering eruptive activity; 4) volcano infrasound; and 5) volcanic lightning. From July 1999 to July 2007 he served as Secretary-General for the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior.

Hazel Rymer is presently the Dean and Director of Studies in the Faculty of Science and Profesor of Environmental Volcanology.

Hazel has developed and championed the use of microgravity as a tool for monitoring active volcanoes. She has used this method to identify sub-surface processes at calderas in a state of unrest and at persistently active volcanoes and this has given geoscientists considerable insight into the range of mechanisms responsible for initiating and sustaining volcanic activity. The technique Hazel pioneered is now the standard method for gravity monitoring on volcanoes; it remains the only way to quantify the sub-surface mass changes that occur before, during and after eruptions.

John Stix has studied active volcanoes for 26 years, specializing in volcanic gases, eruption mechanisms, and the impact of volcanic activity. He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in volcanology, natural hazards, and environmental geology. He also is involved in field courses, where he exposes students to hands-on observations of natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and floods. He has been involved in many training courses and workshops in Canada, the US, and Latin America to teach volcanology. He has collaborated extensively with colleagues in Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Ecuador in volcano studies and volcanic hazards. From 2003 to 2010 he was the Editor-in-Chief of the Bulletin of Volcanology, the leading international journal related to the study of volcanoes and volcanism. He is currently part of an international team to drill into an active silicic magma body beneath Krafla volcano in Iceland.

Table of Contents

Part I. Origin and Transport of Magma
1. Melting the Earth’s Upper Mantle
Timothy L. Grove and Christy B. Till
2. Migration of Melt
Martha J. Daines and Matej Pec
3. Plate Tectonics and Volcanism
Peter C. LaFemina
4. The Composition and Origin of Magmas
Nick Rogers
5. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Silicate Melts and Magma
Charles E. Lesher and Frank J. Spera
6. Chemical Thermodynamics and the Study of Magmas
Mark S. Ghiorso and Guilherme A.R. Gualda
7. Volatiles in Magmas
Paul J. Wallace, Terry Plank, Marie Edmonds and Erik H. Hauri
8. Magma Chambers
Bruce D. Marsh
9. Rates of Magma Ascent and Storage
Brandon Browne and Lindsay Szramek
10. Magma Transport in Dikes
Helge Gonnermann and Benoit Taisne
11. Magma Ascent and Degassing at Shallow Levels
Alain Burgisser and Wim Degruyter

Part II. Eruptions
12. Earth’s Volcanoes and Their Eruptions: An Overview
Lee Siebert, Elizabeth Cottrell, Edward Venzke and Benjamin Andrews
13. Sizes of Volcanic Eruptions
David M. Pyle
14. Global Rates of Volcanism and Volcanic Episodes
Natalia Irma Deligne and Haraldur Sigurdsson
15. Primary Volcanic Landforms
Shan de Silva and Jan M. Lindsay
16. Calderas
Michael Branney and Valerio Acocella

Part III. Effusive Volcanism
17. Lava Flows and Rheology
Andrew J.L. Harris and Scott K. Rowland
18. Lava Dome Eruptions
Eliza S. Calder, Yan Lavallée, Jackie E. Kendrick and Marc Bernstein
19. Submarine Lavas and Hyaloclastite
James D.L. White, Jocelyn McPhie, and S. Adam Soule
20. Glaciovolcanism
Benjamin R. Edwards, Magnu´s T. Gudmundsson and James K. Russell
21. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism
S. Adam Soule
22. Seamounts and Island Building
Hubert Staudigel and Anthony A.P. Koppers
23. Basaltic Volcanic Fields
Greg A. Valentine and Charles B. Connor
24. Large Igneous Provinces and Flood Basalt Volcanism
Stephen Self, Millard F. Coffin, Michael R. Rampino and John A. Wolff

Part IV Explosive Volcanism
25. Magmatic Fragmentation
Katharine V. Cashman and Bettina Scheu
26. Magma—Water Interaction and Phreatomagmatic Fragmentation
Bernd Zimanowski, Ralf Büttner, Pierfrancesco Dellino, James D.L. White and Kenneth H. Wohletz
27. Hawaiian and Strombolian Eruptions
Jacopo Taddeucci, Marie Edmonds, Bruce Houghton, Michael R. James and Sylvie Vergniolle
28. Vulcanian Eruptions
Amanda Bachtell Clarke, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro and Alexander Belousov
29. Plinian and Subplinian Eruptions
Raffaello Cioni, Marco Pistolesi and Mauro Rosi
30. Phreatomagmatic and Related Eruption Styles
Bruce Houghton, James D.L. White and Alexa R. Van Eaton
31. Submarine Explosive Eruptions
James D.L. White, C. Ian Schipper and Kazuhiko Kano
32. Volcanic Plumes
Steven Carey and Marcus Bursik
33. Tephra Dispersal and Sedimentation
Costanza Bonadonna, Antonio Costa, Arnau Folch and Takehiro Koyaguchi
34. Pyroclastic Fall Deposits
Bruce F. Houghton and Rebecca J. Carey
35. Pyroclastic Density Currents: Processes and Models
Josef Dufek, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro and Olivier Roche
36. Deposits of Pyroclastic Density Currents
Richard J. Brown and Graham D.M. Andrews
37. Lahars and Their Deposits
James W. Vallance and Richard M. Iverson
38. Landslides, Debris Avalanches and Volcanic Gravitational Deformation
Benjamin van Wyk de Vries and Tim Davies

Part V Extraterrestrial Volcanism
39. Volcanism on the Moon
Paul D. Spudis
40. Volcanism on Mercury
James W. Head, III and Lionel Wilson
41. Volcanism on Mars
James R. Zimbelman, William Brent Garry,
Jacob Elvin Bleacher and David A. Crown
42. Volcanism on Venus
Mikhail A. Ivanov, Larry S. Crumpler, Jayne C. Aubele and James W. Head, III
43. Volcanism on Io
Rosaly M.C. Lopes and David A. Williams
44. Cryovolcanism in the Outer Solar System
Paul Geissler

Part VI Volcanic Interactions
45. Volcanic, Magmatic and Hydrothermal Gases
Tobias P. Fischer and Giovanni Chiodini
46. Intrusion-Related Geothermal Systems
James Stimac, Fraser Goff and Cathy J. Goff
47. Seafloor Hydrothermal Venting at Volcanic Arcs and Backarcs
Cornel E.J. de Ronde and Valerie K. Stucker
48. Volcano-Related Lakes
Pierre Delmelle, Richard W. Henley and Alain Bernard
49. Volcanic Successions Associated with Ore Deposits: Facies Characteristics and Ore—Host
Relationships
Jocelyn McPhie and Ray Cas
50. Volcanic Influences on the Carbon, Sulfur, and Halogen Biogeochemical Cycles
Pierre Delmelle, Elena Maters and Clive Oppenheimer

Part VII. Volcanic Hazards
51. Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Assessment
Chuck Connor, Mark Bebbington and Warner Marzocchi
52. Volcanic Ash Hazards to Aviation
Fred Prata and Bill Rose
53. Climatic Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions
Alan Robock
54. Hazards from Pyroclastic Density Currents
Paul D. Cole, Augusto Neri and Peter J. Baxter
55. Lava Flow Hazards and Modeling
Christopher R.J. Kilburn
56. Hazards from Lahars and Jökulhlaups
Magnús T. Gudmundsson
57. Hazards of Volcanic Gases
Glyn Williams-Jones and Hazel Rymer
58. Volcanic Tsunamis
Simon J. Day
59. Volcanic Seismicity
Stephen R. McNutt and Diana C. Roman
60. Impacts of Eruptions on Human Health
Peter J. Baxter and Claire J. Horwell
61. Large Igneous Provinces and Biotic Extinctions
Michael R. Rampino and Stephen Self
62. Volcanic Lightning
Stephen R. McNutt and Ronald J. Thomas

Part VIII. Eruption Response and Mitigation
63. Seismic and Infrasonic Monitoring
Stephen R. McNutt, Glenn Thompson, Jeffrey Johnson, Silvio De Angelis and David Fee
64. Ground Deformation, Gravity, and Magnetics
Jeffrey T. Freymueller, John B. Murray, Hazel Rymer and Corinne A. Locke
65. Gas, Plume, and Thermal Monitoring
Simon A. Carn
66. Synthesis of Volcano Monitoring
John Pallister and Stephen R. McNutt
67. Volcano Warning Systems
Chris E. Gregg, Bruce Houghton and John W. Ewert
68. Volcanic Crisis Management
Gill Jolly and Servando de la Cruz
69. Social Processes and Volcanic Risk Reduction
Jenni Barclay, Katharine Haynes, Bruce Houghton and David Johnston
70. Volcanic Risk Assessment
Willy Aspinall and Russell Blong

Part IX. Economic Benefits and Cultural Aspects of Volcanism
71. Utilization of Geothermal Resources
Stefán Arnórsson, Sverrir Thórhallsson and Andri Stefánsson
72. Volcanic Soils
Pierre Delmelle, Sophie Opfergelt, Jean-Thomas Cornelis and Chien-Lu Ping
73. Volcano Ecology: Disturbance Characteristics and Assembly of Biological Communities
Charles M. Crisafulli, Frederick J. Swanson, Jonathan J. Halvorson and Bruce D. Clarkson
74. Volcanic Materials in Commerce and Industry 1285
Jonathan Dehn and Stephen R. McNutt
75. Volcanoes and Tourism
Patricia Erfurt-Cooper, Haraldur Sigurdsson and Rosaly M.C. Lopes
76. Volcanoes, Ancient People, and Their Societies
Payson Sheets
77. Volcanoes in Art
Haraldur Sigurdsson
78. Volcanoes in Literature and Film
Haraldur Sigurdsson and Rosaly M.C. Lopes

Appendix 1: Common Units and Conversion Factors
Appendix 2: Catalog of Earth’s Documented Holocene Eruptions

What People are Saying About This

Shigeo Aramaki

This encyclopedia is a remarkable milestone at the end of the 20th century and will remain so for a considerable time in the future. I strongly recommend this volume to both professionals and students of volcanology.
— (Shigeo Aramaki, Professor, Nihon University, Former President of IAVCEI 1987-91)

Robert W. Decker

This is a monumental work. The list of contributors is a Who's Who of volcanology.
— (Robert W. Decker, former President of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) 1975-79)

Jean-Louis Cheminee

The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes is the first of its kind...a wonderful "state of the art" monument. How a volcano works, surveillance, undersea volcanism,... all aspects of volcanoes and of volcanology are treated by the appropriate specialists or experts.
— (Jean-Louis Cheminee, Directeur de Recherches C.N.R.S., Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris)

Peter Francis

The author list reads like a veritable Who's Who of modern volcanology. This will truly be the authoritative reference book on volcanology for a long time to come.
— (Peter Francis, Prof. of Volcanology, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK)

From the Publisher

Awarded as Outstanding Academic Title, CHOICE 2000!

Awarded for Excellence in Professional/Scholarly Publishing for 1999 by the Association of American Publishers, Professional and Scholarly Division, in the Geography and Earth Science category

Charles A. Wood

This is the most important book of the century. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes is an 1100-page summation of the understanding of more than 100 leading specialists - what a marvelous scientific inheritance for the scientists and students of the next millennium.
— (Charles A. Wood, Chair, Department of Space Sciences, University of North Dakota, Director of "VolcanoWorld" Website)

Peter J. Wyllie

For those who love volcanoes there is no longer any need to click-wait-click-wait-wait on the web, because all the information you need is here in one fat volume with nearly a hundred reviews by carefully selected experts.
— (Peter J. Wyllie, Prof. of Geology, CalTech, IUGG President (1995-99))

Foreword

If one could drain the world's oceans and remove their sediment cover, you would quickly realize that the majority of the Earth's surface is covered with lava flows. Although the human race has lived in close contact with volcanic activity since our early origins in the African Rift Valley, only recently have we begun to comprehend how volcanically active our planet really is....Given our growing awareness of the importance of volcanism to the past, present, and future history of Earth and its celestial partners, the publication of the Encyclopedia of Volcanoes is clearly needed and appropriate at this time.
—Dr. Robert D. Ballard, President, Institute for Exploration and Emeritus of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Editorial Reviews

The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes covers just about everything one could wish to know about volcanoes and at 1,359 pages of text no other single book can hope to compete with the mass of volcanological information it contains (all 3.5 kg of it). Written by 112 expert authors, the Encyclopedia of Volcanoes will be the reference work for a long time....Undergraduate geology students, professional volcanologists, planetologists, and historians of science will find the Encyclopedia has something for them. With so much material on display, the Encyclopedia is a browser's delight and members of sub-disciplines will find their interests being pulled towards new undreamt of areas of volcanology as they flick through the pages. It's difficult to stop reading it...All science libraries should have a copy.
— (Stephen Blake, Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, IAVCEI News)

Stephen Blake

Each of 82 articles contains a topical outline, glossary, defining statement, the body of the article, cross-references, and a bibliography. Topics include origin and transport of magma; eruption; effusive, explosive, and extraterrestrial volcanism; volcanic interactions and hazards; eruption response and mitigation; and economic benefits and cultural aspects of volcanism. The extensive text is generously amplified by b&w illustrations and photographs as well as a series of color plates. About 100 international experts were directed by editor-in-chief Sigurdsson (U. of Rhode Island School of Oceanography) and co-editors Bruce Houghton (New Zealand's Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences), Stephen R. McNutt (U. of Alaska's Geophysical Institute), Hazel Rymer (Open University, UK) and John Stix (geology, McGill U.). Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Booknews

"Everything you ever wanted to know about volcanism is contained in this text [...] the authoritative reference on volcanology for years to come." —CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY, May/June 2000

"This monumental volume, authored by more than 100 leading specialists, dwarfs all previous works . . . the publisher has done a remarkable job." —CHOICE, June 2000

"This volume is the first sophisticated attempt at a comprehensive reference work about volcanoes and volcanic processes...The articles can be quite technical but not any more than they need to be in giving serios academic treatment to the topic. Readers who are less familiar with this area of geology will find the glossary in each article to be very useful...This volume is indispensable for anyone who is serious about understanding volcanoes on a sophisticated level. From the highly useful overview of specific topics and processes to the definitions of particular terms, there is no better or more comprehensive work available—nor is there likely to be....this valuable resource is highly recommended for larger public and academic libraries." —BOOKLIST/April 1, 2000

"This impressive work covers all aspects of volcanism....Geared for college students and researchers, the well-written articles include a glossary that defines terms within the context of the article, which is very helpful to readers unfamiliar with the terminology...Works such as The Encyclopedia of Earthquakes & Volcanoes are nowhere near as comprehensive as this volume...An excellent source for those who want more than general information on any aspect of volcanology, this volume is highly recommended for academic libraries." —Teresa Berry, University of Tennessee Library, LIBRARY JOURNAL/April 1, 2000

"The comprehensive and up-to-date Encyclopedia of Volcanoes represents good, broad scientific writing. Important topics about volcanoes that are rarely addressed in stuff scientific journals, such as volcanoes in art, literature and film, are to be found here. The book's 83 chapters are written by volcanological scholars and reviewed by their peers. The authors did not 'dumb down' other work, or cut and paste from their scientific journal publications, but instead present difficult science clearly. The problem of jargon, a curse of scientific education, is addressed upfront by a glossary in each chapter. The science presented clearly reveals openings for new investigations. —William I. Rose, Michigan Technological University, NATURE, March 2000

"The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes is thorough, comprehensive and fully deserving of its title....The articles are scholarly and will be of most interest to the student and scientific researcher...each article has its own glossary that helps make the book more useful to the general reader as well as a list of further readings, some more extensive than others. There are also more than 800 graphs, charts, tables, and illustrations that complement the nearly 1400 pages of text...The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes is unique in its extensive coverage of this fascinating subject. There is a lot of useful scientific information here for the money. —AGAINST THE GRAIN, February 2000

From the Publisher