The Environment, Risk and Liability in International Law available in Hardcover
The Environment, Risk and Liability in International Law
- ISBN-10:
- 9004188789
- ISBN-13:
- 9789004188785
- Pub. Date:
- 11/10/2010
- Publisher:
- Brill Academic Publishers, Inc.
- ISBN-10:
- 9004188789
- ISBN-13:
- 9789004188785
- Pub. Date:
- 11/10/2010
- Publisher:
- Brill Academic Publishers, Inc.
The Environment, Risk and Liability in International Law
Hardcover
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$165.00Overview
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9789004188785 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Brill Academic Publishers, Inc. |
| Publication date: | 11/10/2010 |
| Series: | Legal Aspects of Sustainable Development , #10 |
| Pages: | 206 |
| Product dimensions: | 6.50(w) x 9.70(h) x 0.70(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Series Editor's Preface xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Table of Cases xxi
Table of Treaties xxiii
Chapter I Introduction 1
1 Liability and Redress for Lawful Activities Entailing Risk 1
2 What Is International Liability About? 3
3 Liability and Preventive Measures 4
4 Liability Regimes 4
4.1 Requirements to Establish Liability 5
4.2 Available Remedies 6
4.3 The Role of Fault 6
(a) Exceptions to Liability 6
(b) Criteria to Determine Compensation 7
5 Acts and Activities 7
6 Conclusion 8
Chapter II Risk and Harm, Prevention and Liability 9
1 Introduction 9
2 The Concept of Risk 9
3 The Concepts of Harm and Damage 10
3.1 The Threshold of Harm 10
3.2 Causality and Harm 11
4 Activities Entailing Risk (hazardous activities) vs. Activities that Cause Harm 12
5 The Relationship Between Liability and "Prevention" and the Influence of Risk 14
6 The Obligation to Prevent and Abate Significant Harm as a Complement to Liability 15
6.1 Prevention Obligations to Abate Harm and to Minimize Risk 15
(a) Risk Assessment 15
(b) Notification and Information 17
(c) Consultations and Balance of Interests 18
7 Conclusion 18
Chapter III Responsibility and Liability in International Law 21
1 Introduction 21
2 Responsibility and Liability in International Law 21
2.1 Responsibility and Liability: the Use of Both Terms 22
2.2 More on the Meaning of Certain Terms 24
(a) Objective Liability 24
(b) Strict Liability 25
(c) Absolute Liability 26
(d) Sine delicto Liability 26
(e) Responsabilite pour risque (Risk Liability) 26
3 Liability Governed by Primary Norms 27
4 Distinctive Features of Liability 28
5 Conclusions 28
Chapter IV Conventional Law 31
1 Civil Liability Regimes in International Law 31
2 Common Features of Conventional Law 32
2.1 Identification of Liable Parties: Channelling of Liability 32
2.2 Flexibility of Causal Links 33
(a) Multiple Causation 34
(b) Scientific Uncertainty 34
(c) Intertemporal Harm 34
2.3 Liability 35
2.4 Liability Caps 36
2.5 Layered Liability and Compensation Funds 37
2.6 State Liability 38
2.7 The Obligation to Contract Insurance 39
2.8 Limited Exceptions to Liability 40
3 Conclusion 41
Chapter V Other Aspects of International Practice 45
1 Introduction 45
2 Reparation of Transboundary Harm Caused by Hazardous Activities 45
3 Some Cases to the Point 46
3.1 A Seminal Decision: the Trail Smelter Case (a Noxious Activity Transformed into a Hazardous One?) 47
3.2 Cases of Wrongful Conduct for Lack of Due Diligence 50
(a) The Alabama Case 50
(b) The Corfu Channel Case 51
(c) The Sandoz Chemical Accident 52
3.3 Invocation of a Treaty and of a General Principle of Law 53
(a) The Gut Dam Case 53
(b) The Cherry Point Oil Spill, 1972 54
(c) The "Cosmos" Incident 54
3.4 Ex-gratia and Other Payments or Government Commitments 55
(a) Nuclear Tests in the Marshall Islands 55
(b) Rongelap Atoll 55
(c) The Fukuyu Maru Fishing Vessel 56
(d) The River Mura Incident 57
(e) The Colorado River Salinity Dispute 57
(f) The Tanker Juliana, 1971 58
(g) The Japanese Ship Showa Maru, 1975 58
3.5 Reservation of Rights and Invocation of Responsibility: Other Cases 58
(a) France-Switzerland Border, 1892 58
(b) Arcisate, Italy 58
(c) The Beaufort Sea Prospection 59
(d) A Mexican Highway 59
(e) The Rose Street Canal 59
(f) French and American Nuclear Tests in the Pacific and the Cannikin Nuclear Test in Alaska 59
(g) Peyton Packing and Casuco, 1961 59
(h) A Belgian Refinery 60
(i) Nuclear Reactor in Dukovany 60
3.6 The United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) 60
3.7 The IXTOC I blowout 61
4 Some Conclusions on the Cases Examined 62
5 Transboundary Damage in International Law: the Role of the State 64
5.1 Learned Opinion 64
(a) Doctrines in Favor of the Existence or Emergence of a Principle of Liability Sine Delicto 64
(i) The Abuse of Rights Doctrine 64
(ii) Ultra-Hazardous Activities: the Protection of the Environment 65
(b) Positions Contrary to Liability 68
6 Conclusion 71
Chapter VI The Development of the Subject at the International Law Commission 73
1 Introduction 73
2 How the Commission Works 74
2.1 The Line Followed by the Commission 75
3 The Successive Drafts 78
4 Quentin-Baxter's Conception 78
5 The Issues of the Subject 81
5.1 Prevention 81
5.2 Prevention and Liability on Different Heads 82
5.3 Scope of the Topic 83
(a) Physical Consequences 83
(b) Situations 83
(c) The Environment 84
(d) Activities of Harmful Effects (Activities that Cause Damages) 85
(e) Harm to the Global Commons 87
(f) The List of Activities 88
6 Attribution (of Acts or of Consequences?) to the State 89
6.1 Attribution and Appreciable Risk 90
7 The Balance of Interests Test 91
8 The Risk 92
9 Harm (damage) 95
9.1 The Items of Compensable Damage 97
9.2 The Threshold of Damage 99
10 Liability 102
10.1 Why Civil Liability 103
11 The Principles 104
12 The Three Stages Corresponding to the First and Second Special Rapporteurs 106
12.1 Quentin-Baxter's Schematic Outline 107
(a) Prevention 107
(b) Liability 107
(c) Overview of the Outline 107
12.2 The Regime of the Second Special Rapporteurs Tenth Report 108
13 The 1996 Working Group 109
14 The 1996 Draft 110
14.1 The scope of the Topic 110
14.2 The Principles ill
(a) The Principle of Prevention: Freedom of Action of States and the Limits Thereto 111
(b) Liability 112
(c) The Principle of Non-Discrimination and the Domestic Channel 114
14.3 Interstate Negotiations 115
14.4 The Unity of the Subject: the Title 116
15 Concluding Remarks 116
Chapter VII The Development in the International Law Commission: Consideration of the Topic since 1997 119
1 The 1997 Group 119
2 The Scope of the Topic 120
2.1 The 1996 Articles: Hazardous Activities 120
2.2 The List of Activities 120
3 The Principles 121
3.1 The Principles in the 1996 Draft 121
3.2 Later Developments 121
4 The Principle of Prevention 122
4.1 Later Developments in the Specific Obligations of Prevention: Defining their Legal Nature 122
(a) Impact Assessment 123
(b) Procedure in the Absence of Notification 123
(c) Giving Information to the Public 124
(d) Consultation 124
(e) Emergency Preparedness 124
(f) Settlement of Disputes 124
(g) Non-Discrimination 124
5 Liability 125
5.1 The Attack on Liability 125
5.2 The Resurrection of Liability 128
6 The Articles on Allocation of Loss 129
6.1 The Report of the 2004 Working Group 132
6.2 The Scope of the Articles 132
6.3 The Concept of Damage 132
(a) The Threshold 133
(b) Damage to Persons and Property 133
(c) Environmental Damage 134
(d) The Injured Party 136
(e) The Intrinsic Value of the Environment 137
6.4 Reparation 138
6.5 Paragraphs (iv) and (v) 144
6.6 The Core Principles 145
6.7 Response Measures 147
6.8 International and Domestic Remedies 148
6.9 "Should"s and"shalTs 150
6.10 Development of Specific International Regimes 151
6.11 Implementation 151
7 Present Status of Both "Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities" and "Allocation of Loss in the Case of Such Harm" 152
Chapter VIII Conclusions 153
1 The Issue 153
2 Risk 154
3 The Role of the State in the Management of Risk 156
4 The Balance of Interests Test 158
5 The Articles of the International Law Commission 159
6 Parting Thoughts 160
Annexes
Annex I Schematic Outline 161
Annex II Text of the Draft Articles Provisionally Adopted by the Commission Before 1996 168
Annex III Articles on Liability Proposed in the Tenth Report of the Special Raporteur, Mr Julio Barboza 173
Annex IV Draft Articles Proposed by the 1996 Working Group 176
Annex V Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities (2001 Articles) 182
Annex VI Draft Principles on the Allocation of Loss in the Case of Transboundary Harm Arising Out of Hazardous Activities 189
Bibliography 193
Index 199