Table of Contents
Foreword Catherine Redgwell v
Preface to the Paperback Edition vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
List of Abbreviations xvii
Table of Cases xxi
Table of Treaties and other International Agreements xxvii
1 Introduction 1
I Introductory Remarks: Enquiring Maritime Interception on the High Seas 1
II Contemporary Challenges to the Freedom of the High Seas and Maritime Interception 4
A Terrorism and WMD 4
B Drug Trafficking 6
C Illicit Migration 8
D Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea 11
E IUU Fishing 12
F Are They All 'Threats to Maritime Security'? 13
III The Outline of the Book 15
2 The Theoretical Framework of the Right of Visit on the High Seas Mare Liberum v Mare Clausum Revisited 18
I The Historical Claims to Freedom, of the Seas 18
A From Antiquity to the Middle Ages 18
B The 'Battle of the Books' 20
C The Era of Consolidation and Codification of Mare Liberum 22
D The Legal Nature of the High Seas 23
E Concluding Observations 24
II Contemporary Right of Visit: Lessons from the Historical and the Theoretical Framework of Mare Liberum 24
A Mare Liberum v Mare Clausum: Antithetical or Complementary Concepts? 24
B Mare Clausum Concerns and the Contemporary Right of Visit on the High Seas 27
C The Claims for Maintenance of International Peace and Security 30
D The Claims for Protection of the Bon Usage of the Oceans 32
E The Claims for Maintenance of the Ordre Public of the States and of International Society 36
III Interference in the Contemporary Legal Order of the Oceans: Concluding Remarks 39
3 The Law of Maritime Interception on the High Seas 41
I Introductory Remarks 41
II The Right of Visit on the High Seas in Wartime 42
A The Law of Naval Warfare in the Past and in the Present 43
B The Role of the UN Charter in the Contemporary Law of Naval Warfare 45
C The Applicability of LOSC in the Law of Naval Warfare 46
D The Belligerent Right of Visit and Search: Rules and Procedures 47
E Concluding Thoughts 49
III The Right of Visit on the High Seas in Peacetime 50
A Treaty and Customary Law Framework of the Right of Visit 50
B Contemporary Challenges to the Customary Right of Approach 54
C The Right of Visit: The Contemporary Practice of Interception on the High Seas 60
D Other Legal Considerations in Maritime Interception Operations 73
E Concluding Remarks: Is there a Law of Maritime Interception? 81
4 Interception on the High Seas in the Context of Peace and Security: The Right of Visit in Cases of Armed Conflict and Security Council's Action 83
I Introductory Remarks 83
II The Belligerent Right of Visit and Search and its Contemporary Application in the Legal Order of the Oceans 84
A The Right of Visit in Cases of Armed Conflicts 84
B Maritime Enforcement of UN Security Council Resolutions 96
C Unilateral Enforcement of UN Security Council Resolutions 106
III Conclusions 111
5 Contemporary Challenges to the International Peace and Security: International Terrorism and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction 113
I Introduction 113
II The Challenges of International Terrorism and WMD Proliferation 115
III Responses and Interdiction Operations within an Institutional Framework 119
A UN Security Council 119
B NATO and Operation Active Endeavour 127
C The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) 129
D CARICOM 136
IV Responses and Interdiction Operations beyond International Organisations 139
A The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) 139
B Bilateral Boarding Agreements 143
V Legal Justifications for Unilateral Interdiction Measures under General International Law 148
A Law of the Sea 148
B The Right of Self-Defence 149
C Other Circumstances Precluding the Wrongfulness of Interdiction under the Law of State Responsibility 154
VI Additional International Legal Issues: Use of Force, Enforcement Jurisdiction and Human Rights 157
VII Concluding Remarks 160
6 Maritime Interception to Safeguard the Fundamental Freedoms of the High Seas 161
I Introduction 161
II The Case of Piracy Jure Gentium as a Threat to the Freedom of Navigation and Commerce 162
A The Definition of Piracy under International Law 162
B The Interception of Pirate Vessels under International Law 166
C The Assertion of jurisdiction Over Pirates 168
D The Extraordinary Case off Piracy in Africa 170
E Conclusions 196
III IUU Fishing as a Threat to the Freedom of Fishing 197
A Introduction: The Problem of IUU Fishing 197
B The LOSC and the 1995 Straddling Stocks Agreement 199
C The RFMOs 202
D Concluding Remarks 203
7 Interception on the High Seas to Counter Drug Trafficking 205
I Introduction 205
II International Legal Justifications for Interference with Drug Smuggling on the High Seas 206
A Multilateral Treaty-Law Bases for Interception 206
B Bilateral Treaty-Law Bases for Interception 226
C Customary Law Bases for Interception 237
III Additional International Legal Issues in the Course of Interception Operations 241
A The Question of the Use of Force 242
B Human Rights Restrictions 242
C Jurisdictional Issues Involved 245
IV Concluding Remarks 258
8 Interception on the High Seas and Human Beings 259
I Introduction 259
II International Legal Justifications for Interference on the High Seas 263
A Treaty Bases for Interference 263
B Customary Law Bases for Interference 291
III Additional International Legal Issues in the Course of Interception Operations of Human Beings 301
A Use of Force and Interception of Human Beings 301
B The Principle of Non-Refoulement and Human Beings on the High Seas 302
IV Concluding Remarks 308
9 Conclusions 309
Bibliography 315
Index 345
