The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan

by Federico Marcon

Overview

Between the early seventeenth and the mid-nineteenth century, the field of natural history in Japan separated itself from the discipline of medicine, produced knowledge that questioned the traditional religious and philosophical understandings of the world, developed into a system (called honzogaku) that rivaled Western science in complexity—and then seemingly disappeared. Or did it? In The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan, Federico Marcon recounts how Japanese scholars developed a sophisticated discipline of natural history analogous to Europe’s but created independently, without direct influence, and argues convincingly that Japanese natural history succumbed to Western science not because of suppression and substitution, as scholars traditionally have contended, but by adaptation and transformation.
           
The first book-length English-language study devoted to the important field of honzogaku, The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan will be an essential text for historians of Japanese and East Asian science, and a fascinating read for anyone interested in the development of science in the early modern era.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780226479033
Publisher:	University of Chicago Press
Publication date:	03/22/2017
Series:	Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute
Edition description:	Reprint
Pages:	428
Product dimensions:	5.90(w) x 8.90(h) x 1.00(d)

About the Author

Federico Marcon is professor of East Asian studies and history at Princeton University. He is the author of The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan, also published by the University of Chicago Press.

Table of Contents

Prologue ix

Part I Introduction 1

Chapter 1 Nature without Nature: Prolegomena to a History of Nature Studies in Early Modern Japan 3

Chapter 2 The Bencao gangmu and the World It Created 28

Part II Ordering Names: 1607-1715 51

Chapter 3 Knowledge in Translation: Hayashi Razan and the Glossing of Bencao gangmu 55

Chapter 4 Writing Nature's Encyclopedia 72

Chapter 5 The First Japanese Encyclopedias of Nature: Yamato honzo and Shobutsu ruisan 87

Part III Inventorying Resources: 1716-36 111

Chapter 6 Tokugawa Yoshimune and the Study of Nature in Eighteenth-Century Japan 115

Chapter 7 Inventorying Nature 140

Part IV Nature's Spectacles: The Long Eighteenth Century (1730s-1840s) 153

Chapter 8 Nature's Wonders: Natural History as Pastime 161

Chapter 9 Nature in Cultural Circles 179

Chapter 10 Nature Exhibited: Hiraga Gennai 207

Chapter 11 Representing Nature: From "Truth" to "Accuracy" 228

Part V The Making of Japanese Nature: The Bakumatsu Period 251

Chapter 12 Bakumatsu Honzogaku: The End of Eclecticism? 255

Chapter 13 Nature as Accumulation Strategy: Sato Nobuhiro and the Synthesis Honzogaku and Keizaigaku 276

Epilogue 299

Acknowledgments 307

List of Japanese and Chinese Terms 309

Notes 329

Index 397

Editorial Reviews

In a brilliantly analytical, well-written study, the Italian historian of Japan Federico Marcon introduces to a Western readership for the first time the early history of natural history in Japan…. First published in Japan in 1637, Honzô kômuku revolutionized nature studies in that country and gave its naturalists an impetus to develop natural history into a flourishing Japanese science. Who those naturalists were, how they fitted into society, and what they accomplished, is Marcon’s beautifully told story.

Archives of Natural History

The first Anglophone account of ‘nature studies’ in early modern Japan, as well as a bold attempt to provincialize Eurocentric narratives of modernity's relation to nature.

Canadian Journal of History

"Opens a fascinating window into the history of Japan's relationship to its natural environment. . . . The book charts transformations not only of natural objects and studies of them in Japan, but also of the professional and social identity of scholars, the disciplinary identity of the field, the popular engagement with natural history, and the illustration of the natural world. . . . A must-read for historians of early modern science, natural history, and Tokugawa studies!"

New Books in East Asian Studies - Carla Nappi

"The main contributions of this book lie in its sophisticated analysis of the social and institutional contexts for the production and consumption of knowledge about nature in Tokugawa Japan and in its reconsideration of prevailing discourses that equate the development of science in Japan with a process of Westernization. Its engagement with not only the history of science, but also such fields as environmental studies, economic history, the history of the book, and art history, make it an essential resource for a wide range of readers."

Journal of Japanese Studies

Breaks new ground for the history of science in East Asia and represents an important contribution to ongoing efforts to reevaluate the distinctiveness of early modern European science.

Isis

"Marcon boldly challenges the hoary notion that the disenchantment of the world through scientific investigation was unique to the West. Like their early modern European counterparts, Japan’s honzogaku scholars systematically transformed natural ecosystems into discrete objects of analysis, manipulation, and control. This exciting study places Japan’s independent scientific trajectory in the context of its growing commodity culture and professionalization of scholarship."

University of Notre Dame Julia Adeney Thomas

"Knowledge of Nature and Nature of Knowledge is a very rich work with substantial detail, going in-depth into the various aspects of honzōgaku. The book appeals to a wide interdisciplinary audience of historians of Japan and East Asia, historians of science, and environmental historians...Marcon's book is part of a new wave of scholarship which allows us to gain a deeper understanding of East Asian Science. The book is as well researched as it is captivating to read and is a must on syllabi of courses on East Asian history of science."--Florin-Stefan Morar "Nuncius"

"Books that invoke big thinkers' names abound, but few engage the ideas as profitably as this. The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan is a magnificent work, erudite and sophisticated. This is the most stimulating work in the early modern field to appear in some time."-- "David L. Howell, Harvard University"

"Federico Marcon's rich history of honzōgaku makes an enormous contribution to the field of early modern Japanese history. Given the inseparability of honzōgaku's scientific advances and concurrent epistemological shifts, The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan is as much about the evolving state of knowledge as it is an investigation of nature studies itself....Both fascinating and authoritative, it is destined to endure as a distinguished study of early modern Japanese thought."-- "American Historical Review"

"Breaks new ground for the history of science in East Asia and represents an important contribution to ongoing efforts to reevaluate the distinctiveness of early modern European science."-- "Isis"

"In a brilliantly analytical, well-written study, the Italian historian of Japan Federico Marcon introduces to a Western readership for the first time the early history of natural history in Japan.... First published in Japan in 1637, Honzô kômuku revolutionized nature studies in that country and gave its naturalists an impetus to develop natural history into a flourishing Japanese science. Who those naturalists were, how they fitted into society, and what they accomplished, is Marcon's beautifully told story."-- "Archives of Natural History"

"Marcon boldly challenges the hoary notion that the disenchantment of the world through scientific investigation was unique to the West. Like their early modern European counterparts, Japan's honzogaku scholars systematically transformed natural ecosystems into discrete objects of analysis, manipulation, and control. This exciting study places Japan's independent scientific trajectory in the context of its growing commodity culture and professionalization of scholarship."-- "Julia Adeney Thomas, University of Notre Dame"

"The first Anglophone account of 'nature studies' in early modern Japan, as well as a bold attempt to provincialize Eurocentric narratives of modernity's relation to nature."-- "Canadian Journal of History"

"The main contributions of this book lie in its sophisticated analysis of the social and institutional contexts for the production and consumption of knowledge about nature in Tokugawa Japan and in its reconsideration of prevailing discourses that equate the development of science in Japan with a process of Westernization. Its engagement with not only the history of science, but also such fields as environmental studies, economic history, the history of the book, and art history, make it an essential resource for a wide range of readers."-- "Journal of Japanese Studies"

"Opens a fascinating window into the history of Japan's relationship to its natural environment. . . . The book charts transformations not only of natural objects and studies of them in Japan, but also of the professional and social identity of scholars, the disciplinary identity of the field, the popular engagement with natural history, and the illustration of the natural world. . . . A must-read for historians of early modern science, natural history, and Tokugawa studies!"--Carla Nappi "New Books in East Asian Studies"

From the Publisher

"Knowledge of Nature and Nature of Knowledge is a very rich work with substantial detail, going in-depth into the various aspects of honzōgaku. The book appeals to a wide interdisciplinary audience of historians of Japan and East Asia, historians of science, and environmental historians...Marcon’s book is part of a new wave of scholarship which allows us to gain a deeper understanding of East Asian Science. The book is as well researched as it is captivating to read and is a must on syllabi of courses on East Asian history of science."

Nuncius - Florin-Stefan Morar

"Federico Marcon’s rich history of honzōgaku makes an enormous contribution to the field of early modern Japanese history. Given the inseparability of honzōgaku’s scientific advances and concurrent epistemological shifts, The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan is as much about the evolving state of knowledge as it is an investigation of nature studies itself....Both fascinating and authoritative, it is destined to endure as a distinguished study of early modern Japanese thought."

American Historical Review

"Books that invoke big thinkers' names abound, but few engage the ideas as profitably as this. The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan is a magnificent work, erudite and sophisticated. This is the most stimulating work in the early modern field to appear in some time."

Harvard University David L. Howell