The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793-1836: A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo-American People
Almost a hundred years after the death of Stephen F. Austin this first full-length biography was published. And for almost a quarter of a centurydividing his time between editing, teaching, textbook writing, and serving in various academic capacitiesEugene C. Barker pursued the study which resulted in The Life of Stephen F. Austin. His accomplishment has long been regarded as a fine example of biography in Texas literature.
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The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793-1836: A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo-American People
Almost a hundred years after the death of Stephen F. Austin this first full-length biography was published. And for almost a quarter of a centurydividing his time between editing, teaching, textbook writing, and serving in various academic capacitiesEugene C. Barker pursued the study which resulted in The Life of Stephen F. Austin. His accomplishment has long been regarded as a fine example of biography in Texas literature.
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The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793-1836: A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo-American People
495
by Eugene C. Barker
Eugene C. Barker
The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793-1836: A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo-American People
495
by Eugene C. Barker
Eugene C. Barker
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$44.95
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Overview
Almost a hundred years after the death of Stephen F. Austin this first full-length biography was published. And for almost a quarter of a centurydividing his time between editing, teaching, textbook writing, and serving in various academic capacitiesEugene C. Barker pursued the study which resulted in The Life of Stephen F. Austin. His accomplishment has long been regarded as a fine example of biography in Texas literature.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780292784215 |
---|---|
Publisher: | University of Texas Press |
Publication date: | 01/01/1969 |
Series: | Texas History Paperbacks Series , #1 |
Pages: | 495 |
Product dimensions: | 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x (d) |
About the Author
Eugene C. Barker (1874-1956) was a professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin.
Table of Contents
- CHAPTER I. In the Current of the Westward Movement.
- Ancestry and MigrationsMassachusettsConnecticutProfessor Garrison’s Estimate of the AustinsTheir National Importance in American History UnrecognizedEarly Life of Moses AustinHis Introduction to Lead MiningMigration to PhiladelphiaTo RichmondMarriageThe Chiswell Lead MinesMigration to Southwestern VirginiaLack of SuccessHears of the Lead Mines in MissouriLiberal Immigration Policy of SpainHardships of the Journey to MissouriSt. LouisThe MinesBusiness ArrangementsReturn HomeRemoval to MissouriMissouri in 1797.
- CHAPTER II. On the Missouri and Arkansas Frontier
- Austin’s Mine Claim DisputedHis Personal CharacteristicsImprovements at the MinesThe Mines in 1804The Effect of the Louisiana Purchase on Land ClaimsOn ImmigrationBusinessAustin’s Family LifeEducation of Stephen F. AustinOf the Younger ChildrenFinancial EmbarrassmentsEffect of the War of 1812The Bank of St. LouisStephen F. Austin in the Territorial LegislatureIn ArkansasHis Equipment for His Career.
- CHAPTER III. The Inauguration of Texan Colonization
- The Conception of the MovementMoses Austin at San AntonioBastrop IntervenesThe Government of TexasAustin’s Return to MissouriHardships of TravelContracts with EmigrantsDeathStephen F. Austin Carries OnFriendship of Joseph H. HawkinsRecognized as His Father’s SuccessorReconnaissance and Selection of Site for the ColonyCondition of Texas in 1821Austin’s Plan for Distributing LandPopular Interest in His GrantPartnership with HawkinsForm of Contract with ColonistsFirst SettlersMiscarriage of the LivelyNecessity for a Trip to MexicoAustin’s Impressions of Mexico.
- CHAPTER IV. Austin in Mexico
- Review of Mexican Political HistoryThe Situation as Austin Found ItConsideration of a General Colonization LawVarious DelaysFirst Draft of the LawOther Applicants for Colonization ContractsAustin Urges Congress to Confirm His GrantHis Plan for Regulating Indian RelationsIturbide Proclaimed EmperorEuropean ApplicantsFears of the Expansion of the United StatesAustin again Urges Congress to ActLetters of Encouragement to the SettlersColonization BillGutierrez de LaraGómez FaríasRestriction of Settlement to CatholicsThe Obstacle of SlaveryZavalaPostponement of the BillArrest of DeputiesAustin Appeals to IturbideThe Bill again PostponedZavala Proposes Reform of CongressIturbide Dissolves Congress and Creates the Junta InstituyemeAustin again Appeals for ActionThe Junta and the BillAustin and the Slavery ArticleImperial Confirmation of Austin’s GrantFall of IturbideAustin’s Grant Confirmed by CongressAustin’s Standing in MexicoHis Influence on Mexican Constitutional HistoryHis Views on Public EducationHis Connection with the Acta ConstitutivaHis Views of Mexican Political DevelopmentAustin’s Powers DefinedEffects of His Detention in Mexico.
- CHAPTER V. The Establishment of the First Colony
- Motives of EmigrationThe Westward MovementCheap LandEffect of the Cash SystemOf the Panic of 1819Reports of MigrationsThe Opportune Opening of TexasWidespread Interest in TexasQueries of ImmigrantsStatus of Slavery and Religious TolerationImmigration Checked by Austin’s Detention in MexicoNumbers in TexasLocal GovernmentAustin’s ProclamationsBeginning of Friction over Land FeesIndian RelationsTonka wasKarankawasTahuacanos and WacosMilitia OrganizationTrouble over Land FeesThe Intent of the LawAustin’s UnderstandingThe Rising OppositionThe Political Chief Annuls the FeesAustin’s Protest and Defense of the FeesSubstitute for the FeesHis Public ServicesComplaints of Unequal Land GrantsBuckner, Gaines, and OthersAustin’s Forbearance and TactJudicial SystemAustin’s Civil and Criminal CodeServices of the AlcaldesAustin’s Defense of the Judicial System against Interference of the Political ChiefColonists Contribute Corn for Expenses of CongressmanBastrop Represents Texas in Constituent LegislatureEstablishment of Austin’s Capital, San Felipe de AustinProgress of the ColonyPersonal Losses.
- CHAPTER VI. The Extension of Anglo-American Colonization
- The National Colonization LawThe State Colonization LawThe Provision for EmpresariosMiscellaneous ProvisionsThe Public Services of EmpresariosColonization Grants by the StateAustin Foresees Cotton CultureApplies for a New ContractBoundaries of His First ColonyThe “Little Colony”The “Coast Colony”Grants to Burnet, Zavala, and VehleinThe Form of Colonization ContractsRapid Immigration Despite Mexico’s Attitude toward Slavery and Lack of Religious TolerationAustin’s Colony the Goal of Most ImmigrantsIts DevelopmentSources of ImmigrationProcedure in Obtaining LandFeesExclusion of Bad Characters by AustinHis Administrative Duties and General InfluenceLand SystemJudicial SystemRelations with Prominent MexicansLocal GovernmentThe Land CommissionerGrowing Prestige of Austin among the Colonists and the Reasons for ItThe Indian Nuisance EndedPersonal Traits.
- CHAPTER VII. The Fredonian Rebellion
- The Haden Edwards GrantThe Spanish Settlement of NacogdochesThe Problem of the Old InhabitantsLocal GovernmentEdwards Requires Proof of Land TitlesThe Policy of the Government toward the SquattersEdwards’s Lack of TactOpposition of the Old InhabitantsEdwards’s Justification of His PolicyBoundary Conflict with Austin’s ColonyAustin’s Blunt AdviceA Local Election ControversyThe Political Chief Warns EdwardsEdwards Yields under ProtestRumors of RevoltIncreasing FrictionAustin’s AdviceThe Governor Annuls Edwards’s Contract and Orders His ExpulsionKangaroo Court at NacogdochesAustin Attempts to Stay the Revolution and to Soothe the AuthoritiesThe Border Settlers Remain Loyal to the GovernmentThe CherokeesAustin’s Colony Supports the GovernmentBean Prevents Spread of RevolutionAustin’s ServicesSuppression of the RevoltAustin’s Justification.
- CHAPTER VIII. The Struggle for Stabilizing Laws
- Austin Compares His Labor with that of a Farmer Improving Virgin LandStatement of Reforms and Improvements Essential to ProsperityMexican Tariff SystemExemption of the ColonistsLegalization of the Port of GalvestonAustin Urges Coasting Trade with Mexico and Cotton Trade with EuropeConcessions Needed to Bring This AboutPractical Opposition to Coasting Trade by Mexican Port OfficersRapid Development of Trade with the United StatesEstablishment of Constitutional Local GovernmentThe First ElectionFunctions of the OfficersThe Jurisdiction of the AyuntamientoAustin’s Continued ResponsibilityNeed of Judicial SystemAustin’s Efforts to Obtain OneDefects of the System Provided by the ConstitutionThe Holtham CaseSeth Ingram and H. H. LeagueOrigin of the First Homestead LawAustin Proposes a Law to Protect DebtorsCorrespondence with Mexican StatesmenPassage of the LawIts Beneficent EffectAustin Dreams of a New Economic System in which Credit Rests Solely on Personal CharacterCorrespondence with Edward LivingstonSlaveryThe Mexican AttitudeAustin’s Changing Views on SlaveryThe Federal Law of July, 1824Austin Begs Exemption from Its Operation for the First ColonyHe Outlines a Bill for the State Legislature Allowing Introduction from the United States until 1840And Providing for Gradual Emancipation by Peonage Contracts with SlavesAustin Petitions Legislature against Emancipation by State ConstitutionBrown Austin Goes to Saltillo to LobbyArticle 13 Recognizes Existing Slavery, but Forbids Further IntroductionMachinery for Its OperationAustin Moves to Legalize Peonage Contracts between Immigrants and Their SlavesThe Passage of the Law, and Its OperationAustin Combines Defense of Slavery with Vision of Agricultural ProgressGuerrero’s Emancipation DecreeThe Political Chief Withholds Publication in Texas until Petition for Exemption Can Be FiledExcitement of the TexansAustin’s Calm DeterminationGuerrero Withdraws the Decree for TexasAustin Urges William H. Wharton to Settle in TexasReturning ConfidenceGreat ImmigrationAustin’s Reasons for Advocating Restriction of Slavery after Passage of the Law of April 6, 1830Really Feared SlaveryHope of European ImmigrationBut the Colonists Refused to Follow HimAustin then Turned to Support Views of the ColonistsExplanation of His Apparent InstabilityWant of Religious TolerationCaused Little Active Discontent but an Obstacle to ImmigrationAustin Expected Liberalization of the Government to Bring TolerationHis Cautious Treatment of the SubjectAustin’s Personal ReligionHis Promotion of EducationEfforts to Obtain Schools.
- CHAPTER IX. Austin and His Work as Seen By Himself
- Explanation of His PolicyHis Love for Texas and His Faith in Its FutureHis Feeling of Obligation to the Colonists and His Loyalty to MexicoHis Influence with the Settlers in Harmonizing DifferencesHis Defense of the Local Government against Ill-informed CriticismThe Wear and Tear of the YearsHis Confidence in the Gratitude of the ColonistsThe Policy of Loyalty and Aloofness toward MexicoHis Understanding of Mexican CharacterDifficulty of Remaining Aloof after 1830Silence and TactHis Policy Arouses Criticism of the Impatient RadicalsMap of TexasPayment of Old DebtsGeorge Tennille Collects on New Madrid SpeculationsAnthony Butler’s ClaimsThe Hawkins HeirsLovelace and WavellPersonal Philosophy.
- CHAPTER X. The Law of April 6, 1830
- Foundation of the Law in Fear of American ExpansionThis Fear Sharpened by Boundary Negotiations of Adams and JacksonAnd by Newspaper Forecasts of the Purchase of TexasSpeculations in Texas LandsAustin’s Condemnation of the SpeculatorsPoinsett’s Unpopularity in MexicoTerán the Real Instigator of the Law of April 6His RecommendationsMilitary Occupation of TexasCounter-colonization by MexicansAlamán’s IniciativaArticles Ten and ElevenTerán DisapprovesAustin’s Protest against the LawLetters to Bustamante and TeránHis Argument that Immigrants to His Colony Were Not ExcludedThe Government Accepts His InterpretationRapid ImmigrationAustin’s Efforts to Forestall Popular Excitement over the LawHis Editorials in the Texas GazetteBut He Warns the Government of Its 111 EffectsMilitary Commandant on the Frontier Checks ImmigrationAustin’s Efforts to Remove the ObstacleIssues Certificates in BlankEffect of the Law on Other Colonization EnterprisesThe Galveston Bay and Texas Land CompanyThe Nashville Company or Robertson ColonyAustin Declines to Become Involved with These CompaniesNeutralityExecution of the Military Provisions of the LawGarrisons in TexasFailure of the Counter-colonization Feature.
- CHAPTER XI. The Robertson Colony Controversy
- Preliminary SummaryThe “Texas Association” or Nashville Company Sends Leftwich to Mexico to Apply for a GrantLeftwich Gets the Contract in His Own NameLocation West of Austin’s ColonyWelcomed by AustinLeftwich Transfers the Grant to the CompanyFelix Robertson Inspects die TerritorySterling C. Robertson Accompanies HimAnother InspectionThe Company Seeks Recognition from the GovernmentRequests Austin’s AssistanceH. H. LeagueAustin Presents the Company’s Petition and Induces the Government to Grant ItBut the Company Remains InactiveTestimony of Amos EdwardsOf William H. WhartonThe Company Interested in Speculation, not ColonizationSterling C. Robertson Obtains a Sub-ContractRobertson’s Arrival in TexasContract Annulled by the Law of April 6, 1830Austin Intercedes for Robertson’s CompanionsPresents Robertson’s Petition to GovernorFinds Governor Disposed to Re-grant the Territory to a French CompanyHistory of the French ApplicationAustin in Partnership with Williams Applies for a New Grant Including the Annulled Nashville Company GrantRobertson’s Natural ResentmentBut Austin Helpless to Aid Him and Acted for the Interest of TexasRobertson Prepares to Attack the Validity of the Grant to Austin and WilliamsEx Parte Testimony to Prove the Contract Not Affected by the Law of April 6, 1830Abuse of Austin during His Absence on a Mission to MexicoRobertson Asks for Annulment of Austin’s Grant and Reinstatement of His OwnVituperative Statements to Governor and LegislatureExamination of the FactsThe Governor Reinstates Robertson’s Contract, Austin Having Effected the Repeal of the Law of April 6, 1830Williams’s Ineffective Efforts to Combat RobertsonRobertson Announces Restoration of His Contract with Further Abuse of AustinWilliams Secures Reversal of the Case, but Robertson Refuses to ObeyThe Number of Colonists Introduced by RobertsonLocation of Eleven League Grants in the Colony and Their Subsequent Unfortunate HistoryEffect of This on Austin’s MemoryThe Purity of His Motives.
- CHAPTER XII. Popular Disturbances of 1832
- The Military Post at AnahuacTerán’s Instructions to BradburnHistory of Squatter Settlements in East TexasTheir OriginThose on San Jacinto Early Incorporated in Austin’s ColonyThe Others Assured of Land Titles, but Often DisappointedPadilla’s ArrestMadero Stopped by Bradburn from Issuing TitlesResentment of the SettlersAustin Advises PatienceFriction over Customs DutiesGeorge Fisher, CollectorHis Self-Importance Arouses Unnecessary OppositionTrouble at BrazoriaTerán Reprimands AustinBut Removes FisherAustin Leaves Texas to Attend Legislature at Saltillo-His Anxiety and Advice: “Fidelity to Mexico”Bradburn’s ImprudenceThe Attack on AnahuacDisavowed by the PeopleBattle of VelascoCivil War in MexicoAustin Visits TeránHis Efforts to Forestall Friction in TexasHears of the OutbreakExplains the Situation to TeránComments on Mexican Political PartiesLetter to Santa AnnaAccompanied Colonel Mexia to TexasDriven by Circumstances from His Policy of AloofnessDeclares for Santa Anna’s Republican PartyExpulsion of Federal Troops from Terán’s GarrisonsThe State Declares for Santa Anna.
- CHAPTER XIII. The Conventions of 1832 and 1833
- Calling the Convention of 1832Meeting and WorkAustin PresidentPetition for Tariff ExemptionFor Amendment of Law of April 6, 1830Relations with the IndiansTitles for East Texas “Squatters”Primary SchoolsSeparation from CoahuilaWilliam H. Wharton Elected to Present the Petitions to Government, but Does Not GoOrganization of a Central CommitteeMexican Inhabitants of San Antonio Refuse to Participate in the ConventionPolitical Chief Demands Repudiation of the Convention and Some Municipalities ObeyAustin Labors for UnityCorrespondence and TravelInduces Mexicans at San Antonio to Present Vigorous Petition for ReformsAustin Tells How It Was DoneHopes to Induce Mexicans to Join in Subsequent Convention if Reforms Are WithheldPrecipitate Calling of Second Convention Defeated this PlanHe Still Labors for UnityThe Work of the ConventionAustin’s Draft of Reasons for Calling the ConventionProvisional State ConstitutionPetition for its ApprovalPetition for Repeal of Law of April 6, 1830Austin Elected to Present Demands to GovernmentHis Attitude toward Formation of a StateHis Reflections on IndependenceOpposed to Annexation to United StatesDid He Begin to Change His Mind in 1832?His Mission to MexicoWork on the Way at San Antonio and Matamoras.
- CHAPTER XIV. The Mission to Mexico: Arrest
- Presentation of the Texan CaseThe Right to State GovernmentStatisticsAction of the Government Delayed by Cholera EpidemicAustin Has Premonitory SymptomsAlternation of Hope and DespondencyAdvises Texans to Organize Provisional State GovernmentAyuntamiento of San Antonio Causes His ArrestHe Labors to Prevent Excitement in TexasHis LettersFrank Statement to Mexican OfficialsSolitary ConfinementMexican Judicial ProcedureAustin Expects the Texans to Petition for His ReleaseDesperationEnemies in TexasMission for His ReliefRelease on BondWaiting for the Amnesty Law“Explanation Concerning Texas”The Chihuahua Road and Santa Fé TradeThe Fact about Enemies in TexasAustin Convinced of Necessity of Secession.
- CHAPTER XV. Texas During Austin’s Absence
- Subsidence of ExcitementCholera, Floods, and MalariaCalmness Following Austin’s ArrestLiberal Reforms by the LegislatureExtension of Local GovernmentReform of Judicial SystemAlmonte’s Inspection of TexasHis Recommendations to the GovernmentNoticia Estadistica sobre TejasNoriega’s Mission to MonclovaCivil War between Monclova and Saltillo Interrupts State GovernmentAnother Convention Proposed in TexasOpposition of Austin’s Friends SuccessfulContinued Confusion at the CapitalWaste of Public LandsSpeculatorsClash between State and Federal Authorities in which Texans Sympathize with Federal GovernmentDissolution of State GovernmentSanta Anna Establishing Centralized Government and Destroying Federal SystemRevival of Custom Houses in TexasClashes at AnahuacTravis Attacks the Garrison ThereAction Disavowed by Public MeetingsCalling of a Consultation to Decide on a Policy.
- CHAPTER XVI. Austin Again at the Helm: Beginning of the Revolution.
- Popular Relief at Austin’s ReturnHis “Keynote” Speech Approves the ConsultationHe Works for a Full RepresentationIntimate View of His QuartersHis Recognition of the Critical Situation and of its Possible EndThe Gonzales CannonAustin Heads the Volunteer ArmyThe Army at San AntonioThe Consultation Meets and Elects Austin, Archer, and Wharton Commissioners to the United StatesDeclaration for the Constitution of 1824Austin’s InfluenceThe Mexican LiberalsAustin’s UncertaintyFinal Advice for Independence.
- CHAPTER XVII. The Independence of Texas: The End of the Voyage
- Sympathy for Texas in the United StatesThe Commissioners Obtain Loans in New OrleansItinerary through the United StatesInability to Negotiate Texan BondsProposal to Nicholas BiddleBurnet’s Neglect of Commissioners Defeats Efforts for Recognition of Texan Independence by United StatesHe appoints a New CommissionAustin Returns to TexasInduces Santa Anna to Appeal to President Jackson for InterventionTries to Commit General Gaines to InterventionReport on the Mission to the United StatesAustin’s Colleagues Urge Him to Become a Candidate for the PresidencyThe CampaignAustin Charged with Complicity in Williams’s Land SpeculationsHis DefeatHis Correspondence with WilliamsReconciliationAccepts Office of Secretary of StatePlan to Use Santa Anna to Obtain Intervention of the United StatesInstructions to William H. Wharton, Agent to the United StatesAustin’s Unexpected Death.
- CHAPTER XVIII. Epilogue: Significance and Personality
- CHAPTER XIX. Bibliography
- Index
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