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Overview
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780061285547 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | HarperCollins |
| Publication date: | 09/04/2007 |
| Series: | Plus Series |
| Pages: | 320 |
| Product dimensions: | 5.31(w) x 8.00(h) x 0.72(d) |
About the Author
N. T. Wright is the former Bishop of Durham in the Church of England and one of the world’s leading Bible scholars. He is Senior Research Fellow at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford University, and Senior Editor at Saint Andrews. He has been featured on ABC News, Dateline, The Colbert Report, and NPR’s Fresh Air. Wright is the award-winning author of many books, including Paul: A Biography, Simply Christian, Surprised by Hope, The Day the Revolution Began, Simply Jesus, After You Believe, and Scripture and the Authority of God.
Read an Excerpt
The Meaning of Jesus
Two Visions
Chapter One
Seeing Jesus: Sources, Lenses, and Method
Marcus Borg
How do we know about Jesus? What are our sources, what are they like, and how do we use them?1 For most of the Christian centuries, the answers to these questions seemed obvious. Our sources? The New Testament as a whole, and the four gospels in particular. What are they like? The gospels were seen as historical narratives, reporting what Jesus said and did, based on eyewitness testimony. How do we use them? By collecting together what they say about Jesus and combining them into a whole. Importantly, it did not require faith to see the gospels in this way; there was as yet no reason to think otherwise.
This way of seeing the gospels led to a common Christian image of who Jesus was and why he mattered. Who was he? The only Son of God, born of the virgin Mary. His purpose? To die for the sins of the world. His message? About many things, but most centrally about the importance of believing in him, for what was at stake was eternal life.
But over the last two hundred years among historical scholars, both within and outside of the church, this common image of Jesus has dissolved. Its central elements are seen no longer as going back to the historical Jesus, but as the product of the early Christian movement in the decades after his death. Jesus as a historical figure was not very much like the most common image of him.
As I write these words, I am sitting on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. I am here with a group of thirty Christians assisting my wife, Marianne, an Episcopal priest who leadseducational-spiritual pilgrimages to Israel. My role is to provide historical background and commentary. As I do so, I often feel like the designated debunker. Again and again I find myself saying about holy sites associated with Jesus, "Well, it probably didn't happen here," or, "Well, it probably didn't happen at all." Of course, I have more to say than that, but it is a frequent refrain.
For example, today as we drove past Cana, I told the group that the story of Jesus changing water into wine at the wedding at Cana is most probably not a historical report but a symbolic narrative. At the site marking the Sermon on the Mount, I said that it was unlikely that Jesus ever delivered the Sermon on the Mount as a connected whole, even though many of the individual sayings probably go back to him. In Nazareth, I said Jesus probably was born here, and not in Bethlehem.
I sometimes feel like a debunker in my writing as well. A significant portion of what I have to say is, "This story is probably not historically factual," or, "Jesus probably didn't say that." And yet, for reasons I will explain later, I also find the nonhistorical material to be very important and meaningful. I am not among the relatively few scholars who think that only that which is historically factual matters.
The Nature of the Gospels
But for now I want to explain why the issue comes up so often, whether on pilgrimage to the Holy Land or in my work as a Jesus scholar. The issue arises because of the nature of the Christian gospels, our primary sources for knowing about Jesus. Two statements about the nature of the gospels are crucial for grasping the historical task: (1) They are a developing tradition. (2) They are a mixture of history remembered and history metaphorized. Both statements are foundational to the historical study of Jesus and Christian origins, and both need explaining.
The Gospels as a Developing Tradition
The four gospels of the New Testament are the product of a developing tradition. During the decades between the death of Jesus around the year 30 and the writing of the gospels in the last third of the first century (roughly between 70 and 100), the traditions about Jesus developed. More than one factor was responsible. There was a need to adapt the traditions about Jesus to new settings and issues as early Christian communities moved through time and into the broader Mediterranean world. Moreover, the traditions about Jesus grew because the experience of the risen living Christ within the community shaped perceptions of Jesus' ultimate identity and significance.
As developing traditions, the gospels contain two kinds of material: some goes back to Jesus, and some is the product of early Christian communities. To use an archaeological analogy, the gospels contain earlier and later layers. To use a vocal analogy, the gospels contain more than one voice: the voice of Jesus, and the voices of the community. The quest for the historical Jesus involves the attempt to separate out these layers or voices.
History Remembered and History Metaphorized
The gospels combine history remembered with history metaphorized. By the former, I mean simply that some of the things reported in the gospels really happened. Jesus really did do and really did say some of the deeds and teachings reported about him.
By history metaphorized, I mean the use of metaphorical language and metaphorical narratives to express the meaning of the story of Jesus.2 I define metaphor broadly to include both symbol and story. Thus the category includes individual metaphors, such as Jesus is the light of the world, and metaphorical narratives, where the story as a whole functions metaphorically. Metaphorical language is intrinsically nonliteral; its central meaning is "to see as"-to see something as something else. To say Jesus is the light of the world is not to say that he is literally a light, but means to see him as the light of the world. Thus, even though metaphorical language is not literally true, it can be powerfully true in a nonliteral sense.3
As I use the phrase, history metaphorized includes a wide variety of gospel material. Sometimes a story combines both history remembered . . .
The Meaning of JesusTwo Visions. Copyright (c) by Marcus Borg . Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. Available now wherever books are sold.
Table of Contents
Introduction vii
How Do We Know About Jesus?
Seeing Jesus: Sources, Lenses, and Method Marcus Borg 3
Knowing Jesus: Faith and History N. T. Wright 15
What Did Jesus Do and Teach?
The Mission and Message of Jesus N. T. Wright 31
Jesus Before and After Easter: Jewish Mystic and Christian Messiah Marcus Borg 53
The Death of Jesus
Why Was Jesus Killed? Marcus Borg 79
The Crux of Faith N. T. Wright 93
"God Raised Jesus from the Dead"
The Transforming Reality of the Bodily Resurrection N. T. Wright 111
The Truth of Easter Marcus Borg 129
Was Jesus God?
Jesus and God Marcus Borg 145
The Divinity of Jesus N. T. Wright 157
The Birth of Jesus
Born of a Virgin? N. T. Wright 171
The Meaning of the Birth Stories Marcus Borg 179
"He Will Come Again in Glory"
The Second Coming Then and Now Marcus Borg 189
The Future of Jesus N. T. Wright 197
Jesus and the Christian Life
The Truth of the Gospel and Christian Living N. T. Wright 207
A Vision of the Christian Life Marcus Borg 229
Notes 251
Index 281
Plus 289
What People are Saying About This
"This book is a fantastic reading experience for all those who identify themselves as Christians. N. T. Wright describes powerfully what Christianity has traditionally been. Marcus Borg presents his convictions about and his vision of what Christianity can become. Together they sing a majestic song of faith into which the whole world can be invited to join."
"A fascinating, highly civilized conversation on the central issues about Jesus under debate today. The point-counterpoint arrangement introduces genuine and instructive differences of view, while the authors' mutual respect models an ideal way to disagree. Bravo to this intelligent spirit of searching for common ground!"
"At times the sides in the historical Jesus debate have made Republicans and Democrats seem like soul mates. This book shows that ultimately the subject transcends all bickering. Borg and Wright both care about history, people, and God. Both have powerful views. That their friendship has resulted in this book may be the best testament to the continued study of the historical Jesus."
"Another book about Jesus? Yes--and a much-needed one. Marcus Borg and N. T. Wright provide us with a refreshing model for New Testament studies at a time when Christianity and all the other great religious traditions are being reimagined. We are beginning to understand that getting the facts straight about anything (let alone the 'historical' Jesus) isn't enough. You have to find the story to which they belong. Here we have the story-within-a-story of two men on a journey of scholarship, friendship, and faith that will challenge and sustain many of us who find the record of Jesus, as we have presumed to understand it, at odds with our experience. This book will transform our understanding and open us up to deeper experience."