The Role of Dissimilar Rearmament in Allied Deterrence
Force structures around which western militaries were built after the Cold War, with their emphasis on comparatively small numbers of exquisite systems, will not withstand sustained combat with a peer competitor. As a consequence, there has been a growing emphasis on the employment of second tier capabilities alongside existing platforms and systems in a high-low mix spurred by the effectiveness of systems such as converted COTS UAVs in Ukraine. Such capabilities are part of a broader set of capabilities the procurement of which might be described as dissimilar rearmament. While there is considerable promise to second tier systems, enthusiasm can sometimes lead observers to elide over their vulnerabilities and the challenges associated with their employment. These challenges extend from the relative absence of formal tactical and operational concepts for the combination of mass and exquisite capabilities to the current absence of an enterprise level understanding of what would be needed to deliver capabilities at scale in terms of organisational reform, human capital and industrial policy. This Whitehall Paper discusses how dissimilar rearmament might be leveraged as an organising principle connecting R&D, industry and the armed forces across the physical, conceptual and moral components of fighting power. In doing so, it offers a means to reinforce the defence of the Euro-Atlantic area and the tactical, operational and strategic choices which will need to be made in order to realise the promise of new technology.
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The Role of Dissimilar Rearmament in Allied Deterrence
Force structures around which western militaries were built after the Cold War, with their emphasis on comparatively small numbers of exquisite systems, will not withstand sustained combat with a peer competitor. As a consequence, there has been a growing emphasis on the employment of second tier capabilities alongside existing platforms and systems in a high-low mix spurred by the effectiveness of systems such as converted COTS UAVs in Ukraine. Such capabilities are part of a broader set of capabilities the procurement of which might be described as dissimilar rearmament. While there is considerable promise to second tier systems, enthusiasm can sometimes lead observers to elide over their vulnerabilities and the challenges associated with their employment. These challenges extend from the relative absence of formal tactical and operational concepts for the combination of mass and exquisite capabilities to the current absence of an enterprise level understanding of what would be needed to deliver capabilities at scale in terms of organisational reform, human capital and industrial policy. This Whitehall Paper discusses how dissimilar rearmament might be leveraged as an organising principle connecting R&D, industry and the armed forces across the physical, conceptual and moral components of fighting power. In doing so, it offers a means to reinforce the defence of the Euro-Atlantic area and the tactical, operational and strategic choices which will need to be made in order to realise the promise of new technology.
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The Role of Dissimilar Rearmament in Allied Deterrence

The Role of Dissimilar Rearmament in Allied Deterrence

The Role of Dissimilar Rearmament in Allied Deterrence
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The Role of Dissimilar Rearmament in Allied Deterrence

The Role of Dissimilar Rearmament in Allied Deterrence

Overview

Force structures around which western militaries were built after the Cold War, with their emphasis on comparatively small numbers of exquisite systems, will not withstand sustained combat with a peer competitor. As a consequence, there has been a growing emphasis on the employment of second tier capabilities alongside existing platforms and systems in a high-low mix spurred by the effectiveness of systems such as converted COTS UAVs in Ukraine. Such capabilities are part of a broader set of capabilities the procurement of which might be described as dissimilar rearmament. While there is considerable promise to second tier systems, enthusiasm can sometimes lead observers to elide over their vulnerabilities and the challenges associated with their employment. These challenges extend from the relative absence of formal tactical and operational concepts for the combination of mass and exquisite capabilities to the current absence of an enterprise level understanding of what would be needed to deliver capabilities at scale in terms of organisational reform, human capital and industrial policy. This Whitehall Paper discusses how dissimilar rearmament might be leveraged as an organising principle connecting R&D, industry and the armed forces across the physical, conceptual and moral components of fighting power. In doing so, it offers a means to reinforce the defence of the Euro-Atlantic area and the tactical, operational and strategic choices which will need to be made in order to realise the promise of new technology.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781041137092
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Publication date: 10/29/2025
Series: Whitehall Papers
Pages: 128
Product dimensions: 6.12(w) x 9.19(h) x (d)

About the Author

Sidharth Kaushal is Senior Research Fellow in the Military Sciences research group at RUSI. In this capacity, he has worked closely with the Royal Navy and Royal Marines, as well as several NATO Allies’ militaries. Sidharth holds a doctorate in International Relations from the London School of Economics, where his research examined the impact of strategic culture on grand strategy.

Paul O’Neill is Senior Associate Fellow at RUSI and was previously Director of RUSI’s Military Sciences research group. His research interests cover national security strategy, NATO and organisational aspects of defence and security, including organisational design, human resources, professional military education and decision-making. He has undertaken operational tours in Iraq, Northern Ireland, Oman, Turkey and Afghanistan, where he was Senior Advisor on Strategy and Policy to the Afghan Ministry of Interior Affairs.

Table of Contents

Introduction: The Strategic Logic of Dissimilar Rearmament, Sidharth Kaushal and Paul O’Neill

The Potential of Dissimilar Rearmament

I. The Promise of the Smart, Cheap and Many, T X Hammes

Physics and Friction on the Modern Battlefield

II. Physical Trade-Offs and the Challenges of Massed Strike, Justin Bronk

III. Spectral Constraints of Drone Warfare, Jack Watling

Concepts of Operations to Leverage Dissimilar Rearmament

IV. Delivering Pervasive ISR: A ‘Quick Win’ for Dissimilar Rearmament Strategies, Juliana Suess and Noah Sylvia

V. Second-Tier Precision Strike as a Competitive Instrument, Sidharth Kaushal and Noah Sylvia

Dissimilar Rearmament as an Enterprise

VI. An Affordable People Component, Paul O’Neill

VII. A Contemporary Approach to Industrial Mobilisation, Paul O’Neill and Sidharth Kaushal

Conclusion: The Value of Scale, Sidharth Kaushal and Paul O’Neill

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