The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability before Pascal

by James Franklin

Overview

How did we make reliable predictions before Pascal and Fermat's discovery of the mathematics of probability in 1654? What methods in law, science, commerce, philosophy, and logic helped us to get at the truth in cases where certainty was not attainable? In The Science of Conjecture, James Franklin examines how judges, witch inquisitors, and juries evaluated evidence; how scientists weighed reasons for and against scientific theories; and how merchants counted shipwrecks to determine insurance rates.

The Science of Conjecture provides a history of rational methods of dealing with uncertainty and explores the coming to consciousness of the human understanding of risk.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781421418803
Publisher:	Johns Hopkins University Press
Publication date:	08/01/2015
Pages:	520
Product dimensions:	6.10(w) x 9.20(h) x 1.40(d)
Age Range:	18 Years

About the Author

James Franklin is a professor in the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of New South Wales.

Table of Contents

Preface
Chapter 1: The Ancient Law of Proof
Chapter 2: The Medieval Law of Evidence: Suspicion, Half-proof, and the Inquisition
Chapter 3: Renaissance Law
Chapter 4: The Doubting Conscience and Moral Certainty
Chapter 5: Rhetoric, Logic, Theory
Chapter 6: Hard Science
Chapter 7: Soft Science and History
Chapter 8: Philosophy: Action and Induction
Chapter 9: Religion: Laws of God, Laws of Nature
Chapter 10: Aleatory Contracts: Insurance, Annuities, and Bets
Chapter 11: Dice
Chapter 12: Conclusion
Epilogue: The Survival of Unquantified Probability

What People are Saying About This

Stephen Stigler

The Science of Conjecture is an extraordinary work, a clearly written history of the ideas of evidence and of uncertainty before Pascal. Franklin has mastered a vast literature over thousands of years, bringing it together in scholarly fashion, fully annotated.

From the Publisher

The Science of Conjecture is an extraordinary work, a clearly written history of the ideas of evidence and of uncertainty before Pascal. Franklin has mastered a vast literature over thousands of years, bringing it together in scholarly fashion, fully annotated.
—Stephen Stigler, University of Chicago, author of The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900

Editorial Reviews

A remarkable book. Mr. Franklin writes clearly and exhibits a wry wit. But he also ranges knowledgeably across many disciplines and over many centuries. There are several reasons to read this book, but perhaps the best reason is its contemporary relevance. The lessons he discusses have pertinence to an age like ours, which has witnessed a gradual waning of faith in the objectivity of the relation of uncertain evidence to conclusion.
--Wall Street Journal

The Science of Conjecture opens an old chest of human attempts to draw order from havoc and wipes clean the rust from some cast-off classical tools that can now be reused to help build a framework for the unpredictable future.
--Science

Franklin gives a magisterial account of matters as diverse as the Talmud, Justinian's Digest, torture, witch hunts, Tudor treason trials, ancient and medieval astronomy and physics, humanist historiography, scholastic philosophy, speculations in public debt, and 17th century mathematics. His treatment of medieval law is among the best I have ever read.
--International Journal of Evidence and Proof

Franklin's style is clear and fluent, with an occasional sly Gibbonian aside to make the reader chuckle.
--New Criterion

Since many in the nominalist/empiricist/positivist tradition deny that we can know natures, this book has a place in teacher education as well as legal education for the challenges it poses the reader on how we know, and how well we know, through induction, perception and abstraction.
--Metascience

The text has an even wider importance in that it signals the need for more, not less, study of the history, philosophy and social studies in science to occupy a greater space in undergraduate degrees so that an educated electorate is better able to evaluate what the STEM community tells us is good for the progress of society.
--Metascience

The Science of Conjecture is a masterly work, beautifully written, and based on encyclopaedic research . . . It is simply a tour de force that is unlikely to be surpassed for many a year.
--Barry Miller, The Thomist

[This book has given me] sheer enjoyment in its density of strange information, in the wit and clarity if its writing, and in the vigour of its argumentation. I recommend it unreservedly to all interested in its subject.
--Oliver Mayo, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics

An admirably accessible study written in a crisp prose. It presents the reader with anarching historical perspective throughout many a century of human action.
--Giora Hon, Centaurus

Franklin's book is magnificent . . . Think of [it] as a non-fiction equivalent of Tolstoy's War and Peace.
--Peter Tillers, The Jurist

In The Science of Conjecture, James Franklin shows us how deeply and subtly jurists and philosophers from ancient Greece onwards have explored how we can deal rationally with real-life cases (law cases, for instance, or scientific experiments) where the link between cause and effect is not obvious.
--J.M. Coetzee, The Australian

Statistics teachers who like to sprinkle a little history and philosophy into their classes will find much here to delight and challenge them . . . This is a serious and scholarly work that I expect often will inform my teaching.
--Richard J. Cleary, Journal of the American Statistical Association

The strength of The Science of Conjecture lies in its panoramic exposition of developments across the centuries and across intellectual disciplines and human endeavors. It is, as one reviewer wrote, 'a magesterial account of matters as diverse as the Talmud, Justinian's Digest, torture, witch hunts, Tudor treason trials, ancient and medieval astronomy and physics, humanist histriography, scholastic philosophy, speculations in public debt, and 17th century mathematics.'
--D. H. Kaye, Law and History Review

This is the intellectual book of the year, and it ought to become one of the great classics of intellectual history.
--Scott Campbell, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews

From the Publisher

Franklin gives a magisterial account of matters as diverse as the Talmud, Justinian's Digest, torture, witch hunts, Tudor treason trials, ancient and medieval astronomy and physics, humanist historiography, scholastic philosophy, speculations in public debt, and 17th century mathematics. His treatment of medieval law is among the best I have ever read.

International Journal of Evidence and Proof

Since many in the nominalist/empiricist/positivist tradition deny that we can know natures, this book has a place in teacher education as well as legal education for the challenges it poses the reader on how we know, and how well we know, through induction, perception and abstraction.

Metascience

Franklin's book is magnificent . . . Think of [it] as a non-fiction equivalent of Tolstoy's War and Peace.

The Jurist - Peter Tillers

"The Science of Conjecture opens an old chest of human attempts to draw order from havoc and wipes clean the rust from some cast-off classical tools that can now be reused to help build a framework for the unpredictable future."

Science

"A remarkable book. Mr. Franklin writes clearly and exhibits a wry wit. But he also ranges knowledgeably across many disciplines and over many centuries. There are several reasons to read this book, but perhaps the best reason is its contemporary relevance. The lessons he discusses have pertinence to an age like ours, which has witnessed a gradual waning of faith in the objectivity of the relation of uncertain evidence to conclusion."

Wall Street Journal

The Science of Conjecture is an extraordinary work, a clearly written history of the ideas of evidence and of uncertainty before Pascal. Franklin has mastered a vast literature over thousands of years, bringing it together in scholarly fashion, fully annotated.

Stephen Stigler

This is the intellectual book of the year, and it ought to become one of the great classics of intellectual history.

Interdisciplinary Science Reviews - Scott Campbell

A remarkable book. Mr. Franklin writes clearly and exhibits a wry wit. But he also ranges knowledgeably across many disciplines and over many centuries. There are several reasons to read this book, but perhaps the best reason is its contemporary relevance. The lessons he discusses have pertinence to an age like ours, which has witnessed a gradual waning of faith in the objectivity of the relation of uncertain evidence to conclusion.

Wall Street Journal

Franklin's style is clear and fluent, with an occasional sly Gibbonian aside to make the reader chuckle.

New Criterion

In The Science of Conjecture, James Franklin shows us how deeply and subtly jurists and philosophers from ancient Greece onwards have explored how we can deal rationally with real-life cases (law cases, for instance, or scientific experiments) where the link between cause and effect is not obvious.

The Australian - J.M. Coetzee

The Science of Conjecture opens an old chest of human attempts to draw order from havoc and wipes clean the rust from some cast-off classical tools that can now be reused to help build a framework for the unpredictable future.

Science

Statistics teachers who like to sprinkle a little history and philosophy into their classes will find much here to delight and challenge them . . . This is a serious and scholarly work that I expect often will inform my teaching.

Journal of the American Statistical Association - Richard J. Cleary

The strength of The Science of Conjecture lies in its panoramic exposition of developments across the centuries and across intellectual disciplines and human endeavors. It is, as one reviewer wrote, 'a magesterial account of matters as diverse as the Talmud, Justinian's Digest, torture, witch hunts, Tudor treason trials, ancient and medieval astronomy and physics, humanist histriography, scholastic philosophy, speculations in public debt, and 17th century mathematics.'

Law and History Review - D. H. Kaye

An admirably accessible study written in a crisp prose. It presents the reader with anarching historical perspective throughout many a century of human action.

Centaurus - Giora Hon

The Science of Conjecture is a masterly work, beautifully written, and based on encyclopaedic research . . . It is simply a tour de force that is unlikely to be surpassed for many a year.

The Thomist - Barry Miller

[This book has given me] sheer enjoyment in its density of strange information, in the wit and clarity if its writing, and in the vigour of its argumentation. I recommend it unreservedly to all interested in its subject.

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics - Oliver Mayo