Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Six-Port Technique
1.1 Microwave Network Theory 1
1.1.1 Power and Reflection 1
1.1.2 Scattering Parameters 3
1.2 Microwave Circuits Design Technologies 6
1.2.1 Microwave Transmission Lines 6
1.2.2 Microwave Passive Circuits 7
1.2.3 Fabrication Technologies 10
1.3 Six-Port Circuits 13
1.3.1 Microwave Network Measurements 13
1.3.2 Wireless Applications 16
1.3.3 Microwave Applications 17
References 18
Chapter 2 Six-Port Fundamentals
2.1 Analysis of Six-Port Reflectometers 2
2.2 Linear Model 24
2.3 Quadratic Model 26
2.4 Six- to Four-Port Reduction 28
2.5 Error Box Procedure Calculation 31
2.6 Power Flow Measurements 32
2.7 Six-Port Reflectometer with a Reference Port 33
2.8 Measurement Accuracy Estimation 34
References 36
Chapter 3 The Design of Six Port Junctions
3.1 Design Consideration for Six-Port Junctions 39
3.2 Waveguide Six-Port Junctions 4
3.3 Frequency Compensated Optimal Six-Port Junctions 43
3.4 Frequency Compensated Quasi-Optimal Six-Port Junctions 49
3.5 A Six-Port Junction Based on a Symmetrical Five-Port Ring Junction 53
3.6 High Power Six-Port Junction in Hybrid WaveGuide/Stripline Technology 58
3.7 Worst-Case Error Estimation 59
References 62
Chapter 4 Calibration Techniques
4.1 Calibration Method Using Seven Standards 65
4.2 Linear Calibration Using Five Standards 67
4.3 Nonlinear Calibration Using Four Standards 70
4.4 Nonlinear Calibration Using Three Standards 71
4.5 Self-Calibration Based on Active Load Synthesis 79
4.6 Dynamic Range Extension 81
4.7 Diode Linearization Technique 84
4.8 Power Calibration Technique 86
References 88
Chapter 5 Six-Port NetworkAnalyzers
5.1 General Formulation 91
5.2 Case of a Reciprocal Two-Port DUT 93
5.3 Case of an Arbitrary Two-Port DUT 94
5.4 Six-Port Based De-Embedding Technique: Theory 96
5.5 Two-Port De-Embedding Technique 99
5.6 Calculation of the Error-Box Parameters 102
5.7 Determination of S Parameters of an Arbitrary DUT 103
5.8 Tri-Six-Port Network Analyzer 104
5.9 N-Six-Port Network Analyzer 109
5.10 A Single Six-Port N-Port Vector Network Analyzer 111
5.11 N-Port Calibration Algorithm 113
References 117
Chapter 6 Source Pull and Load-Pull Measurements Using the Six-Port Technique
6.1 Principles of Source-Pull/Load-Pull Measurements 119
6.2 Impedance and Power Flow Measurements with an Arbitrary Test Port Impedance 120
6.3 Operation of a Six-Port in Reverse Configuration 122
6.3.1 Six-Port Reflectometer Calibration in Reverse Configuration 124
6.3.2 Error Box Calculation for Reverse Six-Port Measurements 127
6.3.3 Discussion 128
6.4 Source-Pull Configuration Using Six-Port 129
6.4.1 Passive Source-Pull Configuration 129
6.4.2 Active Source-Pull Configuration 130
6.5 Load-Pull Configuration Using Six-Port 131
6.5.1 Passive Load-Pull Configuration 131
6.5.2 Active Branch Load-Pull Configuration 133
6.5.3 Active Loop Load-Pull Configuration 134
6.6 Source-Pull/Load-Pull Configuration Using Six-Port 135
6.7 A De-Embedding Technique for On-Wafer Load-Pull Measurements 136
6.7.1 Calibration and Measurement Techniques 136
Applications of Source-Pull Measurements 139
6.8.1 Low Noise Amplifier Characterization 139
6.8.2 Mixer Characterization 140
6.8.3 Power Amplifier Characterization 141
6.9 Source-Pull/Load-Pull Oscillator Measurements 142
6.9.1 Six-Port Reflectometer with Variable Test Port Impedance 143
6.9.2 Oscillator Measurements 143
6.10 AM-AM/AM-PM Distortion Measurements of Microwave Transistors Using Active Load-Pull 145
6.10.1 Principle of Operation 145
6.10.2 Measurement Procedure 149
6.11 Time-Domain Wave-Correlator for Power Amplifier Characterization and Optimization 150
6.11.1 Time-Domain Waveform Measurement 150
6.11.2 Multiharmonic Six-Port Reflectometer 151
6.11.3 Time-Domain Voltage and Current Measurements 154
References 157
Chapter 7 Six-Port Wireless Applications
7.1 Multiport Transceiver 161
7.1.1 Multiport Modulator 161
7.1.2 Multiport Demodulator 163
7.2 Six-Port Receiver 164
7.2.1 Five-Port Receiver 168
7.2.2 Noise in Six-Port Receiver 171
7.2.3 Six-Port Receiver Calibration 176
7.2.4 Six-Port Structure Bandwidth 177
7.3 Six-Port in Software Radio Applications 178
7.3.1 Five-Port Structure in Software Defined Radio Applications 180
7.4 Six-Port in UWB Applications 182
7.4.1 Six-Port Impulse Radio Modulator 183
7.4.2 Six-Port Impulse Radio Demodulator 184
7.4.3 Five-Port Receiver in UWB 185
7.5 Six-Port in Millimeter-Wave Radios 188
7.6 Comparison Between Six-Port and Conventional Receivers 192
7.6.1 RF Performance 192
7.6.2 Boundary Limitations 193
7.7 Six-Port in Phased-Array Systems 193
References 196
Chapter 8 Six-Port Microwave Applications
8.1 Six-Port Microwave Reflectometer 199
8.1.1 Six-Port Reflectometer 199
8.2.1 High Power Microwave Reflectometer 202
8.2 Six-Port Wave-Correlator 203
8.2.1 General Concept 203
8.2.2 Calibration System 204
8.2.3 Architecture of a Wave-Correlator 206
8.2.4 Beam Direction Finder Using a Six-Port Wave-Correlator 206
8.2.5 Doppler Estimation Using a Six-Port Wave-Correlator 207
8.3 Six-Port Applications in Direction Finders 209
8.4 Six-Port Applications in Radar 213
8.4.1 Six-Port Doppler Sensor 213
8.4.2 Six-Port Range Sensor 214
8.4.3 Radar Structure 215
8.4.4 Radar Calibration 216
8.5 Antenna Measurement Using Six-Port 216
8.5.1 Near-Field Antenna Measurement 216
8.5.2 Polarization Measurement 218
8.6 Material Characterization Using Six-Port 220
8.6.1 Measurement System 220
8.6.2 Probe Model Analysis 220
8.6.3 Probe Calibration 223
8.7 Optical Measurement Using Six-Port 223
8.7.1 Optical Six-Port Junction Design 224
8.7.2 Optical Six-Port Analysis 226
References 228
About the Authors 231
Index 233
