Western Heritage, The: Volume B / Edition 11

by Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment, Frank Turner, Alison Frank

Overview

Explore the changing nature of the West

Rather than looking at Western civilization only as the history of Europe from ancient times to the present, this groundbreaking book examines the changing nature of the West—how the definition of the West has evolved and has been transformed throughout history. It explores the ways Western civilization has changed as a result of cultural encounters with different beliefs, ideas, technologies, and peoples, both outside the West and within it. Presenting a balanced treatment of political, social, religious, and cultural history, this text emphasizes the ever-shifting boundaries of the geographic and cultural realm of the West.

MyHistoryLab is an integral part of the Levack program. Key learning applications include Closer Looks, MyHistoryLibrary, and writing assessment.

A better teaching and learning experience

This program will provide a better teaching and learning experience—for you and your students. Here’s how:

• Personalize Learning– MyHistoryLab is online learning. MyHistoryLab engages students through personalized learning and helps instructors from course preparation to delivery and assessment.
• Improve Critical Thinking–Critical thinking questions throughout the text help students focus on what they need to learn.
• Engage Students–Fine art and photos engage students in the material.
• Support Instructors– A full set of supplements, including MyHistoryLab, provides instructors with all the resources and support they need.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780205962426
Publisher:	Pearson Education
Publication date:	12/24/2013
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	416
Product dimensions:	8.50(w) x 10.90(h) x 0.70(d)

Table of Contents

Found in this Section:

1. Brief Table of Contents

2. Full Table of Contents

1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS

Documents  

Maps  

Preface  

About the Authors 

What Is the Western Heritage? 

PART 3: Europe in Transition, 1300—1750

Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300—1453)

Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery

Chapter 11: The Age of Reformation

Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars

Chapter 13: European State -Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

Chapter 15: Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century

Chapter 16: The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion

PART 4: Enlightenment and Revolution, 1700—1850

Chapter 17: The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought

Chapter 18: The French Revolution

Chapter 19: The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism

Glossary

Index

2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS

Documents  

Maps  

Preface  

About the Authors 

What Is the Western Heritage? 

PART 3: Europe in Transition, 1300—1750

Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300—1453)

The Black Death

Preconditions and Causes of the Plague

Popular Remedies

Social and Economic Consequences

New Conflicts and Opportunities

The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment

The Causes of the War

Progress of the War

Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church

The Thirteenth-Century Papacy

Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair

The Avignon Papacy (1309—1377)

John Wycliffe and John Huss

The Great Schism (1378—1417) and the Conciliar Movement in the Church to 1449

Medieval Russia

Politics and Society

Mongol Rule (1243—1480)

In Perspective

Key Terms

Review Questions

Suggested Readings

MyHistoryLab Media Assignments

A BURIAL SCENE FROM THE BLACK DEATH

Dealing with Death

Who Runs the World: Priests or Princes?

Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery

The Renaissance in Italy (1375—1527)

The Italian City-States

Humanism

High Renaissance Art

Slavery in the Renaissance 3

Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494—1527)

Charles VIII’s March Through Italy

Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family

Pope Julius II

Niccolò Machiavelli

Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe

France

Spain

England

The Holy Roman Empire

The Northern Renaissance

The Printing Press

Erasmus

Humanism and Reform

Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East

The Portuguese Chart the Course

The Spanish Voyages of Columbus

The Spanish Empire in the New World

The Church in Spanish America

The Economy of Exploitation

Mining

The Impact on Europe

In Perspective

Key Terms

Review Questions

Suggested Readings

MyHistoryLab Media Assignments

The Renaissance Garden

LEONARDO PLOTS THE PERFECT MAN

Is the “Renaissance Man” a Myth?

Chapter 11: The Age of Reformation

Society and Religion

Social and Political Conflict

Popular Religious Movements and Criticism of the Church

Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525

The Attack on Indulgences

Election of Charles V

Luther’s Excommunication and the Diet of Worms

Imperial Distractions: War with France and the Turks

How the Reformation Spread

The Peasants’ Revolt

The Reformation Elsewhere

Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation

Anabaptists and Radical Protestants

John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation

Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation

The Diet of Augsburg

The Expansion of the Reformation

Reaction Against Protestants

The Peace of Augsburg

The English Reformation to 1553

The Preconditions of Reform

The King’s Affair

The “Reformation Parliament”

Wives of Henry VIII

The King’s Religious Conservatism

The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI

Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation

Sources of Catholic Reform

Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

The Council of Trent (1545—1563)

The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe

The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions

The Reformation and Education

The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women

Family Life in Early Modern Europe

Later Marriages

Arranged Marriages

Family Size

Birth Control

Wet Nursing

Loving Families?

Literary Imagination in Transition

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: Rejection of Idealism

William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age

In Perspective

Key Terms

Review Questions

Suggested Readings

MyHistoryLab Media Assignments

A SAINT AT PEACE IN THE GRASP OF TEMPTATION

A Raw Deal for the Common Man, or Just Desserts?

Table Manners

Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars

Renewed Religious Struggle

The French Wars of Religion (1562—1598)

Appeal of Calvinism

Catherine de Médicis and the Guises

The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre

The Edict of Nantes

Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556—1598)

Pillars of Spanish Power

The Revolt in the Netherlands

England and Spain (1553—1603)

Mary I (r. 1553—1558)

Elizabeth I (r. 1558—1603)

The Thirty Years’ War (1618—1648)

Preconditions for War

Four Periods of War

The Treaty of Westphalia

In Perspective

Key Terms

Review Questions

Suggested Readings

MyHistoryLab Media Assignments

BAROQUE AND PLAIN CHURCH: ARCHITECTURAL REFLECTIONS OF BELIEF

The Great Debate Over Religious Tolerance

Going to the Thea

Chapter 13: European State -Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline

Urban Prosperity

Economic Decline

Two Models of European Political Development

Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England

James I

Charles I

The Long Parliament and Civil War

Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic

Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy

The “Glorious Revolution”

The Age of Walpole

Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV

Years of Personal Rule

Versailles

King by Divine Right

Louis’s Early Wars

Louis’s Repressive Religious Policies

Louis’s Later Wars

France After Louis XIV

Central and Eastern Europe

Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority

The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction

Prussia and the Hohenzollerns

Russia Enters the European Political Arena

The Romanov Dynasty

Peter the Great

Russian Expansion in the Baltic: The Great Northern War

In Perspective

Key Terms

Review Questions

Suggested Readings

MyHistoryLab Media Assignments

Early Controversy Over Tobacco and Smoking

VERSAILLES

The Debate over the Origin and Character of Political Authority

Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

The Scientific Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe

Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Make New Scientific Observations

Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe of Mathematical Laws

Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of Gravitation

Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

Nature as Mechanism

Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method

René Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction

Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute Government

John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty and Toleration

The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge

Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution

The New Science and Religious Faith

The Case of Galileo

Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith

The English Approach to Science and Religion

Continuing Superstition

Witch Hunts and Panic

Village Origins

Influence of the Clergy

Who Were the Witches?

End of the Witch Hunts

Baroque Art

In Perspective

Key Terms

Review Questions

Suggested Readings

MyHistoryLab Media Assignments

THE SCIENCES AND THE ARTS

Descartes and Swift Debate the Scientific Enterprise

Midwives

Chapter 15: Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century

Major Features of Life in the Old Regime

Maintenance of Tradition

Hierarchy and Privilege

The Aristocracy

Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege

Aristocratic Resurgence

The Land and Its Tillers

Peasants and Serfs

Aristocratic Domination of the Countryside: The English Game Laws

Family Structures and the Family Economy

Households

The Family Economy

Women and the Family Economy

Children and the World of the Family Economy

The Revolution in Agriculture

New Crops and New Methods

Expansion of the Population

The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth

Century

A Revolution in Consumption

Industrial Leadership of Great Britain

New Methods of Textile Production

The Steam Engine

Iron Production

The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions on Working Women

The Growth of Cities

Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization

Urban Classes

The Urban Riot

The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto

In Perspective

Key Terms

Review Questions

Suggested Readings

MyHistoryLab Media Assignments

AN ARISTOCRATIC COUPLE

Two Eighteenth-Century Writers Contemplate the Effects of Different Economic Structures

Water, Washing, and Bathing

Chapter 16: The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion

Periods of European Overseas Empires

Mercantile Empires

Mercantilist Goals

French–British Rivalry

The Spanish Colonial System

Colonial Government

Trade Regulation

Colonial Reform under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs

Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

The African Presence in the Americas

Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy

The Experience of Slavery

Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars

The War of Jenkins’s Ear

The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)

The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756

The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)

The American Revolution and Europe

Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue

The Crisis and Independence

American Political Ideas

Events in Great Britain

Broader Impact of the American Revolution

In Perspective

Key Terms

Review Questions

Suggested Readings

MyHistoryLab Media Assignments

Sugar Enters the Western Diet

A SUGAR PLANTATION IN THE WEST INDIES

The Atlantic Passage

The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and Agriculture

PART 4: Enlightenment and Revolution, 1700–1850

Chapter 17: The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought

Formative Influences on the Enlightenment

The Emergence of a Print Culture

The Philosophes

Philosophes and Patrons

The Enlightenment and Religion

Deism

Toleration

Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity

The Limits of Toleration

The Jewish Enlightenment

The Enlightenment and Society

The Encyclopedia: Freedom and Economic Improvement

Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law

The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom

Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress

Political Thought of the Philosophes

Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws

Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society

Enlightened Critics of European Empires

Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment

Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art

Enlightened Absolutism

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Joseph II of Austria

Catherine the Great of Russia

The Partitions of Poland

The End of the Eighteenth Century in Central and Eastern Europe

In Perspective

Key Terms

Review Questions

Suggested Readings

MyHistoryLab Media Assignments

Coffeehouses and Enlightenment

AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ARTIST APPEALS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD

Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria Debate Toleration

Chapter 18: The French Revolution

The Crisis of the French Monarchy

The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes

Necker’s Report

Calonne’s Reform Plan and the Assembly of Notables

Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General

The Revolution of 1789

The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly

Fall of the Bastille

The “Great Fear” and the Night of August 4

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The Parisian Women’s March on Versailles

The Reconstruction of France

Political Reorganization

Economic Policy

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Counterrevolutionary Activity

The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution

Emergence of the Jacobins

The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes

Europe at War with the Revolution

Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution

Suppression of Reform in Britain

The Second and Third Partitions of Poland, 1793, 1795

The Reign of Terror

War with Europe

The Republic Defended

The “Republic of Virtue” and Robespierre’s Justification of Terror

Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women

De-Christianization

Revolutionary Tribunals

The End of the Terror

The Thermidorian Reaction

Establishment of the Directory

Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life

In Perspective

Key Terms

Review Questions

Suggested Readings

MyHistoryLab Media Assignments

CHALLENGING THE FRENCH POLITICAL ORDER

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Opens the Door for Disadvantaged Groups to Demand Equal Civic Rights

The Metric System

Chapter 19: The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism

The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

Early Military Victories

The Constitution of the Year VIII

The Consulate in France (1799–1804)

Suppressing Foreign Enemies and Domestic Opposition

Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church

The Napoleonic Code

Establishing a Dynasty

The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)

Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814)

Conquering an Empire

The Continental System

European Response to the Empire

German Nationalism and Prussian Reform

The Wars of Liberation

The Invasion of Russia

European Coalition

The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement

Territorial Adjustments

The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance

The Romantic Movement

Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason

Rousseau and Education

Kant and Reason

Romantic Literature

English Romantic Writers

The German Romantic Writers

Romantic Art

The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism

Nature and the Sublime

Religion in the Romantic Period

Methodism

New Directions in Continental Religion

Romantic Views of Nationalism and History

Herder and Culture

Hegel and History

Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism

In Perspective

Key Terms

Review Questions

Suggested Readings

MyHistoryLab Media Assignments

THE CORONATION OF NAPOLEON

Sailors and Canned Food

The Experience of War in the Napoleonic Age

Glossary

Index