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Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781560729044
Publisher:	Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated
Publication date:	03/28/2001
Pages:	156
Product dimensions:	7.09(w) x 10.24(h) x (d)

Table of Contents

	Abstract	ix
	Editor's Preface	ix
	Authors' Preface	x
	About the Author	xiii
Chapter 1	Main Terms in Thermodynamics	1
1.1.	Introduction	1
1.2.	Terms of Systems and Processes	3
1.3.	Thermodynamic Parameters and Functions	7
1.4.	Classification of the Matter Objects and Forms of Motion	10
1.5.	Time Parameter in Thermodynamics	12
1.6.	The Law of Conservation in Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes	15
1.7.	Vector-Scalar Change of Energy	17
Chapter 2	Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes	19
2.1.	Idea about Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes	19
2.2.	Self-Organization as a Consequence of Influence of Non-Spontaneous Processes on Structure, Composition and State of the System	20
Chapter 3	The First Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems	27
3.1.	Formulation and Analytical Expression	27
3.2.	Work and Heat in Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes	28
3.3.	Internal Energy	30
3.4.	General Formulation of the First Law of Thermodynamics. Heat Capacity	31
3.5.	Enthalpy in Open Systems	34
3.6.	Change of Enthalpy and Thermochemistry as a Section of Thermodynamics. Designations in Thermochemistry	38
3.7.	The Law by G.I. Gess	41
3.8.	Temperature Dependency of the Heat Effect	44
Chapter 4	The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Main Mathematical Equations	49
4.1.	Insufficiency of the First Law of Thermodynamics to Classify Processes	49
4.2.	Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes	50
4.3.	Illustration of a Pair of Conjugated Processes in the Frames of a Single System	53
4.4.	Reversible and Irreversible Processes	54
4.5.	Formulation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics	57
4.6.	Analytical Determination of Entropy	62
4.7.	Temperature Scale as the Level of Entropy Reading	73
4.8.	Generalized or the Main Equation of Thermodynamics for Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Processes	78
Chapter 5	Thermodynamics of Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes	83
5.1.	Necessity of Development of a New Direction in Thermodynamics	83
5.2.	Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes on Different Levels of State of the Matter	84
5.3.	Phase-Open Systems	85
5.4.	Entropy of Thermodynamically Irreversible Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes	87
5.5.	Thermodynamic Proof of the Ratio of Inequalities for Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes	92
5.6.	Changing of Entropy in a Phase-Open System Interacting with the Surrounding	95
Chapter 6	Correlation of Processes for Interacting Phase-Open Systems and the Surrounding	99
6.1.	Direction of the Process Proceeding	99
6.2.	The Example of Heat Processes with Diminution and Growth of Entropy	100
6.3.	Interaction of System, Including Subsystems, with the Surrounding	103
Chapter 7	Kinetics of Entropy Variation	105
7.1.	Main Concepts	105
7.2.	Entropy of Substance Flow in the Open System	106
7.3.	General Equation of the Heat Flow	112
7.4.	Entropy Flow	113
Chapter 8	The Helmholtz Energy for Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes	117
8.1.	Analytical Expression of the Helmholtz Energy	117
8.2.	Relation Between the Helmholtz Energy and Temperature and Volume	119
8.3.	Relation Between the Helmholtz Energy, Heat and Work	120
8.4.	Criteria Determining the Type of the Process Proceeding	121
8.5.	The Helmholtz Energy Including Heat of Irreversible--Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous--Processes	123
8.6.	Connection of the Helmholtz Energy with Heat and Work	124
8.7.	Analytical Expression of the Helmholtz Energy for Open Systems	125
Chapter 9	The Gibbs Energy in Thermodynamically Irreversible Processes	129
9.1.	Analytical Expression for the Gibbs Energy for Conditions of P and T Constancy in Chemical and Phase Homogeneous System	129
9.2.	Connection of the Gibbs Energy with Pressure and Temperature	132
9.3.	Relation Between the Gibbs Energy, Heat and Work	134
9.4.	Changing of the Gibbs Energy in Isolated Systems	135
9.5.	Criteria of Types of Processes Proceeding in Open Systems	136
9.6.	The Gibbs Energy and its Connection with Heats of the System and the Surrounding	138
9.7.	Connection of the Gibbs Energy to Heat and Work	139
9.8.	Changing of the Gibbs Energy for Open Systems with Mass Exchange and Chemical Reactions. Analytical Expression of the Gibbs Energy with External and Internal Mass Exchange	139
9.9.	Analytical Expression of the Gibbs Energy for Open Systems with Mass Exchange Between Phases and the Surrounding	140
9.10.	The Gibbs Energy for Open Systems with Mass Exchange and Chemical Reactions	141
9.11.	Conclusion to the Theoretical Part	142
Chapter 10	Practical Examples of Influence of Relation of Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes on Technological and Natural Phenomena	145
10.1.	Dispersion of the Continuum	145
10.2.	Thermal Machines	147
10.3.	Mechanical Processes	148
10.4.	Catalytic Processes	148
Chapter 11	Equations of Equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Method of Determination of the Process Type Basing on Thermodynamics of Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes	149
11.1.	Equations of the First Law of Thermodynamics and their Connection with the Process Type	149
11.2.	The Equation of the First Law of Thermodynamics Determining Heat Delivery to the Working Substance	150
11.3.	Equation of the First Law of Thermodynamics for Spontaneous Process	151
11.4.	Changing of the Helmholtz Energy for Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes	152
	References	155
	Index	157

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