Vaccination Controversies: A Reference Handbook

by David E. Newton

Overview

Why is there such an active and ongoing resistance to mandatory vaccination? This book examines why vaccination as a public health measure continues to be highly controversial.

Objections to mandatory vaccination are widespread in the world today. Rather than being a new development, such objections have existed since vaccinations were first introduced. This book provides complete coverage of the history and background of vaccination issues in the United States and around the world, along with a detailed examination of the issues related to the use of vaccination today, and supplies readers with the necessary information to consider if the potential benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks.

Vaccination Controversies: A Reference Handbook overviews the scientific basis for and history of immunization as a method for protecting individuals against disease, along with a review of the social, political, and economic issues related to the use of immunization in both human and animal populations. The book debunks prevalent public health myths by clearly outlining the scientific consensus behind modern immunization regimes. Also included are profiles of important individuals and organizations within the history of vaccination, a chronology of important events, as well as pertinent reports, laws, and court decisions that give the reader a greater appreciation of the issues surrounding vaccination.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781610693110
Publisher:	Bloomsbury Academic
Publication date:	03/21/2013
Series:	Contemporary World Issues
Pages:	376
Product dimensions:	6.30(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.30(d)

About the Author

David E. Newton is the author of more than 400 textbooks, encyclopedias, workbooks, and other educational materials, primarily in the field of science and math.

Table of Contents

List of Tables xiii

Preface xv

1 Background and History 3

Infectious Diseases in History 4

Epidemics in Early Human History 7

The Nature of Infectious Diseases 14

Major Infectious Diseases 16

Smallpox 18

Poliomyelitis 21

Dengue Fever 23

Hepatitis C 25

The Human Immune System 26

Primary Immune Response 27

Secondary Immune Response 30

Vaccination 31

The Language of Vaccinology 32

The History of Vaccination 38

Variolation 38

From Variolation to Vaccination 42

References 47

2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 57

A Brief History of Opposition to Vaccination 58

The English Vaccination Laws 61

Anti-Vaccinationism in the United States 65

Vaccination Laws in the United States 73

Vaccination Laws Worldwide 77

Vaccination Epidemics 78

Kyoto, Japan: 1948 81

Complications Resulting from DTP Vaccinations: Mid-1970s 81

Polio: 1955 82

Rotavirus: 1999 83

The Legal Status of Vaccination 84

Modern Anti-Vaccinationism 85

Vaccines Cause Illness 86

The Vaccine-Autism Link 90

Vaccines and Gulf War Syndrome 93

Vaccines Do Not Work 95

Big Business and Big Government 98

Alternatives to Vaccination 101

Too Aggressive Vaccination Schedules 103

Threats from Thimerosal and Adjuvants 105

Aluminum Compounds 106

Squalene 108

Old Wine in New Bottles 110

The Human Papillomavirus Vaccine 111

Where to from Here? 114

References 115

3 Perspectives 133

HPV Vaccine for All, Bob Roehr 133

HPV Diseases 135

Other Benefits 136

Further Reading 137

HPV Vaccine Mandates: Little Benefit, Real Harm Diane M. Harper 137

Vaccine Shortages-A Perspective Dean A. Haycock 141

References 144

Sounds of Death: Whooping Cough and Vaccine Refusal Benjamin Radford 144

Anti-Vaccination Fears 146

References 147

Vaccination Doubts Louise Kuo Habakus 148

References 153

Federal Law and Mandatory Vaccination Stephen Lendman 154

Massachusetts May Be a Forerunner of What's to Come 157

References 157

Hepatitis B Vaccine and Multiple Sclerosis Joan R. Callahan 158

Consequences 161

What Went Wrong? 161

Further Readings 162

4 Profiles 167

Baruch S. Blumberg (1925-2011) 167

Dale and Betty Bumpers Vaccine Research Center 170

Every Child By Two 172

Ian Frazer (1953-) 175

Maurice Hilleman (1919-2005) 177

Immunization Action Coalition 180

Edward Jenner (1749-1823) 182

Albert Z. Kapikian (1930-) 185

Pearl Kendrick (1890-1980) and Grace Eldering (1901-1988) 187

Shibasaburo Kitasato (1852-1931) 190

Douglas R. Lowy and John T. Schiller 192

Jacques Miller (1931-) 195

National Vaccine Information Center 197

Ruth S. Nussenzweig (1928-) 200

Paul A. Offit (1951-) 202

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) 205

Stanley A. Plotkin (1932-) 208

Gaston Ramon (1886-1963) 210

Benjamin A. Rubin (1917-2010) 213

Albert Sabin (1906-1993) 215

Jonas Salk (1914-1995) 218

Viera Scheibner (1935-) 221

Vaccine Education Center 223

Vaccination Risk Awareness Network, Inc. 225

Emil von Behring (1854-1917) 227

Andrew Wakefield (1957-) 229

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762) 232

5 Data and Documents 237

Data 237

Table 5.1: National and State Vaccination Coverage among Children Aged 19-35 Months-United States 2010 238

Table 5.2: Recommended Immunization Schedule 241

Table 5.3: Approved Vaccines and Their Effectiveness 242

Table 5.4: Coverage of Two Major Vaccination Schedules Worldwide, 1980-2010 244

Documents 250

Letter from Lady Mary Wortley Montagu about Variolation in Turkey (1717) 250

Boylston's Inoculation Efforts in Colonial Boston (1726) 251

An Act to Secure General Vaccination (1855) 253

Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905) 255

Poliomyelitis Vaccination Assistance Act, P.l. 377 Chapter 863 (1955) 258

Vaccination Assistance Act of 1962 (42 USC Sec. 247b) 259

National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-660) 261

Measles Eradication Program (1996) 265

Project Bioshield Act, P.l. 108-276, (2004) 267

Project Bioshield Assessment (2007) 269

Executive Order RP65 (State of Texas) (2007) 271

Texas House Bill 1098 (2007) 274

Cedillo and Cedillo vs. Secretary of Health and Human Services (2010) 275

Frequently Asked Questions about Thimerosal (Ethylmercury) (2011) 276

Exemption from Vaccination 279

6 Resources 283

Books 283

Periodicals 296

Reports 306

Internet Resources 306

7 Chronology 325

Glossary 339

Index 345

About the Author 353