Table of Contents
Preface ix
Contributors xi
Introduction xvJanine M. H. Selendy and Jens Aargaard-Hansen
Section I Defining The Problem 1
1 Tackling the Water Crisis: A Continuing Need to Address Spatial and Social Equity 3Jay Graham
2 Sanitation and Hygiene: Taking Stock After Three Decades 17Jay Graham
3 Water and Health: The Demographic Background 29Robert Wyman
4 Water and War: Averting Armed Conflict and Protecting Human Rights 41Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel
Section II Water And Sanitation-Related Diseases 45
5 Infectious Diarrhea 47Sean Fitzwater, Aruna Chandran, Margaret Kosek, and Mathuram Santosham
6 Malnutrition and Undernutrition 71Jeffrey K. Griffiths
7 Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Ascaris, Trichuris, and Hookworm Infections 81Brian G. Blackburn and Michele Barry
8 Toxic Cyanobacteria 95Ian Stewart, Wayne W. Carmichael, and Lorraine C. Backer
9 Dengue: A Water-Borne Disease 111Scott B. Halstead
10 Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease): Case Study of the Effort to Eradicate Guinea Worm 125Donald R. Hopkins and Ernesto Ruiz-Tiben
11 Onchocerciasis 133Adrian Hopkins and Boakye A. Boatin
12 Reassessing Multiple-Intervention Malaria Control Programs of the Past: Lessons for the Design of Contemporary Interventions 151Burton H. Singer and Marcia C. Castro
13 Schistosomiasis 167Pascal Magnussen, Birgitte Jyding Vennervald, and Jens Aagaard-Hansen
14 Trachoma 175Joseph A. Cook and Silvio P. Mariotti
15 Shigellosis 187Michael L. Bennish and M. John Albert
16 The Zimbabwe Cholera Epidemic of 2008–2009 205Edward Dodge
17 Infectious Disease Control in Ghana: Government’s Interventions and Challenges to Malaria Eradication 211Julius N. Fobil, Juergen May, and Alexander Kraemer
Section III Water Resources 217
18 Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Low-Income Countries 219Thomas F. Clasen
19 Informal Small-Scale Water Services in Developing Countries: The Business of Water for Those without Formal Municipal Connections 231Laura Sima and Menachem Elimelech
Section IV Sanitation and Hygiene 241
20 The Sanitation Challenge in India 243Bindeshwar Pathak
21 Successful Sanitation Projects in Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore 251Jay P. Graham
22 Household-Centered Environmental Sanitation Systems 257Bindeshwar Pathak
Section V Environmental Factors of Water Pollution 269
23 Naturally Occurring Water Pollutants 271Lorraine C. Backer, Jonathan K. Kish, Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, and Lora E. Fleming
24 Anthropogenic Sources of Water Pollution: Parts 1 and 2 289Kerry L. Shannon, Robert S. Lawrence, and M. Danielle McDonald
25 The Hudson River: A Case Study of PCB Contamination 303David O. Carpenter and Gretchen Welfinger-Smith
26 Other Water Pollutants: Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria 329Amy R. Sapkota
Section VI Current and Future Trends in Preventing Water Pollution 337
27 Controlling Water Pollutants 339Jeffery A. Foran
28 Global Substitution of Mercury-Based Medical Devices in the Health Sector 351Joshua Karliner and Peter Orris
29 Addressing Sources of PCBs and Other Chemical Pollutants in Water 359Gretchen Welfinger-Smith and David O. Carpenter
30 Additional Measures to Prevent, Ameliorate, and Reduce Water Pollution and Related Water Diseases: Global Water Governance 385Nikhil Chandavarkar
Section VII Emerging Issues in Ecology, Environment, and Disease 389
31 Changing Geographic Distribution of Disease Vectors 391Mary E. Wilson
32 Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon 401Marcia C. Castro and Burton H. Singer
33 Ecosystem Services, Water Resource Development, and Human Infectious Disease 421Uriel N. Safriel
34 Ocean Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts of Brominated Flame Retardants 439Susan D. Shaw and Kurunthachalam Kannan
Section VIII Conclusion 461
35 Assessment of Progress in Meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals 463Gretchen Loeffler Peltier, Unni Krishnan Karunakara, and Anson Elisabeth Wright
36 Extending the Right to Health Care and Improving Child Survival in Mexico 475Julio Frenk and Octavio Go´mez-Dantes
37 Using Kinship Structures in Health Programming—An Example of Preventive Measures and Successful Interventions 481Moses N. Katabarwa
Index 485