Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians: Material Culture and Race in Colonial Louisiana

by Sophie White

Overview

Based on a sweeping range of archival, visual, and material evidence, Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians examines perceptions of Indians in French colonial Louisiana and demonstrates that material culture—especially dress—was central to the elaboration of discourses about race.

At the heart of France's seventeenth-century plans for colonizing New France was a formal policy—Frenchification. Intended to turn Indians into Catholic subjects of the king, it also carried with it the belief that Indians could become French through religion, language, and culture. This fluid and mutable conception of identity carried a risk: while Indians had the potential to become French, the French could themselves be transformed into Indians. French officials had effectively admitted defeat of their policy by the time Louisiana became a province of New France in 1682. But it was here, in Upper Louisiana, that proponents of French-Indian intermarriage finally claimed some success with Frenchification. For supporters, proof of the policy's success lay in the appearance and material possessions of Indian wives and daughters of Frenchmen.

Through a sophisticated interdisciplinary approach to the material sources, Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians offers a distinctive and original reading of the contours and chronology of racialization in early America. While focused on Louisiana, the methodological model offered in this innovative book shows that dress can take center stage in the investigation of colonial societies—for the process of colonization was built on encounters mediated by appearance.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780812223088
Publisher:	University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc.
Publication date:	03/19/2014
Series:	Early American Studies
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	360
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 8.90(h) x 1.00(d)

About the Author

Sophie White is Associate Professor in the Department of American Studies at the University of Notre Dame.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations
Introduction

I. FRENCHIFICATION IN THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY
Chapter 1. "Their Manner of Living"
Chapter 2. "Nothing of the Sauvage"
Chapter 3. "One People and One God"

II. FRENCHIFIED INDIANS AND WILD FRENCHMEN IN NEW ORLEANS
Chapter 4. "The First Creole from This Colony That We Have Received": Sister Ste. Marthe and the Limits of Frenchification
Chapter 5: "To Ensure That He Not Give Himself Over to the Sauvages": Cleanliness, Grease, and Skin Color
Chapter 6. "We Are All Sauvages": Frenchmen into Indians?
Epilogue: "True French"

List of Abbreviations
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Acknowledgments

Editorial Reviews

"Those who want to know how to work in a history of material culture should run to buy this book. It is packed with detail about clothing White has laboriously mined in several languages, backed up by voluminous research in the secondary literature. And she encases it all in the framework of clearly worded theoretical concepts. The illustrations are spectacular."

The Historian Thomas Ingersoll

"Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians is a brilliant book. With intelligence and precision, White examines a trove of fresh material culture evidence from the Upper Mississippi Valley and advances a new mode of analysis that goes deep into the possible meanings of Frenchness and Indianness, ultimately revealing a much slower timeline than scholars have claimed for the progression of racialized categories that foreclosed the possibility of identity transformation."

University of Pennsylvania Kathleen Brown

"There is much to be learned from the excellent Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians-its stories, arguments, and interpretations but also its creative and important methodology. . . . A shining example of the ways in which new forms of evidence, examined in talented hands, have the power to change the way we address big historical questions."

William and Mary Quarterly

"Historians dream of writing a book that will give us a new lens to make sense of the past. Sophie White has done that with Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians. Her insistence on finding a way to look at colonial people allows the rest of us to see them with a new clarity that reveals how much we have missed in the contested process that made race in the Atlantic World."

Tulane University Emily Clark

"Drawing on French-language archival sources and an impressively interdisciplinary range of secondary literature, White argues that material culture-clothing and the clothed and groomed body-are central to understanding the complexity of the hybrid cultures of Upper and Lower Louisiana in the eighteenth century. Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians is a wonderfully original contribution to the English-language scholarship."

Colorado State University Ann M. Little

"White does an admirable job of integrating clothing into a larger discussion of identity formation in this fluid borderland society, demonstrating clearly how understanding the use and ownership of textiles shaped individuals views of themselves and of each other."

Textile History

"An important book. . . White's work challenges prevailing understandings about how ideas of race took hold and exemplifies how material objects, maybe even more so than archival sources, can tell a story that complicates prevailing notions about the multicultural societies that comprised colonial America."

American Historical Review

"Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians is a brilliant book. With intelligence and precision, White examines a trove of fresh material culture evidence from the Upper Mississippi Valley and advances a new mode of analysis that goes deep into the possible meanings of Frenchness and Indianness, ultimately revealing a much slower timeline than scholars have claimed for the progression of racialized categories that foreclosed the possibility of identity transformation."

Universityof Pennsylvania Kathleen Brown

"An important book. . . White's work challenges prevailing understandings about how ideas of race took hold and exemplifies how material objects, maybe even more so than archival sources, can tell a story that complicates prevailing notions about the multicultural societies that comprised colonial America."—American Historical Review

"White does an admirable job of integrating clothing into a larger discussion of identity formation in this fluid borderland society, demonstrating clearly how understanding the use and ownership of textiles shaped individuals views of themselves and of each other."—Textile History

"There is much to be learned from the excellent Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians—its stories, arguments, and interpretations but also its creative and important methodology. . . . A shining example of the ways in which new forms of evidence, examined in talented hands, have the power to change the way we address big historical questions."—William and Mary Quarterly

"Those who want to know how to work in a history of material culture should run to buy this book. It is packed with detail about clothing White has laboriously mined in several languages, backed up by voluminous research in the secondary literature. And she encases it all in the framework of clearly worded theoretical concepts. The illustrations are spectacular."—Thomas Ingersoll, The Historian

"Historians dream of writing a book that will give us a new lens to make sense of the past. Sophie White has done that with Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians. Her insistence on finding a way to look at colonial people allows the rest of us to see them with a new clarity that reveals how much we have missed in the contested process that made race in the Atlantic World."—Emily Clark, Tulane University

"Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians is a brilliant book. With intelligence and precision, White examines a trove of fresh material culture evidence from the Upper Mississippi Valley and advances a new mode of analysis that goes deep into the possible meanings of Frenchness and Indianness, ultimately revealing a much slower timeline than scholars have claimed for the progression of racialized categories that foreclosed the possibility of identity transformation."—Kathleen Brown, University of Pennsylvania

"Drawing on French-language archival sources and an impressively interdisciplinary range of secondary literature, White argues that material culture—clothing and the clothed and groomed body—are central to understanding the complexity of the hybrid cultures of Upper and Lower Louisiana in the eighteenth century. Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians is a wonderfully original contribution to the English-language scholarship."—Ann M. Little, Colorado State University

From the Publisher