Read an Excerpt

Leadership Therapy

Inside the Mind of Microsoft

Palgrave Macmillan

From Couch to Corporate

The Origins of Short Term Corporate Therapy

I am often asked to describe the theoretical underpinnings of my work. Am I a Freudian, a cognitive psychologist, or a positive psychologist? The answers I give are invariably yes, yes, and yes. Like many therapists practicing today I am eclectic in my approach and let the needs of the client dictate my method. Certain practitioners and theoreticians have had a tremendous impact on the development of Short Term Corporate Therapy (STCT). For newcomers to this type of therapy, being aware of the roots of my practice is key to understanding what it is—and what it isn't—and helps pave the way for the work that lies ahead.

FROM COUCH TO CORPORATE

The origins of psychotherapy—the "talking cure"—can be traced back to a small suite of rooms at 19 Berggasse in Vienna, Austria. It was here that Sigmund Freud saw his most famous patients—the Rat Man, the Wolf Man, Little Hans and Dora—and developed his theories of the unconscious, the ego, the id and super ego, Freudian slips, and dream symbolism. His work changed the way mental health professionals and society at large understood the working of the mind. His famous couch became synonymous with Freudian theory and practice and has become an iconic representation of psychoanalysis. However, over the past one hundred years the process of psychotherapy has changed significantly. Market forces dictated that the open-ended approach, where patients could spend years in analysis, be supplemented where appropriate by more pragmatic, focused, time-limited methods, and therapists were urged to find a more efficient way of managing a patient's mental health and well-being.

The breakthrough occurred in the 1960s in Pennsylvania, where a psychiatrist named Aaron T. Beck developed the next revolution in mental health, one that has become the treatment of choice for many psychotherapists around the world. To put the scale of Beck's transformation in context, it was akin to going from Henry T. Ford's "any color Model T as long as it's black" to the array of colors and finishes we can choose for our vehicles today. Beck suggested that rather than spend time analyzing the unconscious mind, a process that can take many years, a more pragmatic approach would be to focus instead on conscious, internal communications—analyzing a patient's thoughts and feelings. In particular, he argued that the key to understanding why we do what we do, and why we feel the way we feel, lay in the "automatic thoughts" that run through our minds as we experience things; the assumptions and rules that guide our behavior; and the beliefs we hold about ourselves, others and the world around us. These patterns of cognition can be like sleeper cells, lying dormant until they are activated by a specific experience or event, or they can become a permanent way of perceiving the world.

One of my earliest clients offers an excellent demonstration of how our beliefs, thoughts, and assumptions can undermine our leadership capabilities. Bob wanted me to help him establish his personal brand. He had worked for several high-profile executives in the company and wanted to position himself as a leader in his own right, not just someone who got things done for others. On the surface it seemed like a fairly straightforward request. Bob seemed to be a confident, powerful, and committed leader. Finding his unique selling points wouldn't be difficult—or so it seemed. I shadowed Bob, observing his behavior during various meetings and during an important strategy session with his leadership team. I noted that when Bob talked to his team he often relied on self-canceling messages—contradictory or invalidating statements. For example he would say, "This is what I think we should do, but it's only my opinion," or, "I'm passionate about this, but you may have a better idea." These statements were confusing and frustrating to his team, and they were dampening his power and effectiveness.

Over the course of a few sessions, Bob revealed a negative core belief: Asserting his convictions would create unnecessary conflict. He was comfortable communicating other people's ideas and directives, but he faltered when communicating his own, protecting himself by either attributing them to someone else or using self-canceling messages. When he found himself in front of his team, his automatic thoughts sounded something like this: "If I push these ideas and people don't like them I'm going to look really stupid," and, "It's safer to spread responsibility for these ideas by offering them as suggestions." I asked Bob to think about where his beliefs and behaviors came from. During a later session he revealed excitedly, "I know why I do this! My mom was the driver in the family. She was smarter than my dad and often came up with the best ideas. To avoid antagonizing my dad she 'softened' her opinions by adding things like, 'But that's just me. You probably have a much better idea.' I think I inherited [the tendency toward self-canceling messages] from her." By becoming aware of how his patterns of negative thinking caused conflict rather than avoided it, Bob (with a little help from me) was able to modify his beliefs and assumptions so that he could take ownership of his ideas and be unafraid to voice his opinions.

Short Term Corporate Therapy works because it doesn't let us off the hook. It doesn't allow us to waste time fishing around for people or circumstances to blame for our problems. As one of my clients once blurted out, "It's not the job—it's me!" (We'll see in chapter 2 how acknowledging our experiences can be a force for significant growth and self-actualization.) Not only does STCT enable me to help clients like Bob in an efficient and effective manner, but I can do so anywhere, at any time, face-to-face, on the telephone, or by email. My practice, much like the twenty-first century workplace, knows no boundaries.

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND THE WORKPLACE

The days when sunrise meant you got up for work and sunset marked the end of the day are long gone. The natural rhythms of life have been suspended and business is conducted 24/7. Reports of job stress, with its associated symptoms of cynicism and emotional exhaustion, are on the rise thanks to the debilitating need for speed in the always-on world of business. We're also seeing more absenteeism (an increase in the number of overall sick days and reports of depression and burnout) and presenteesim (low performance while at work). An increasing number of employees worldwide are reporting emotional problems such as insomnia and depression, as well as stress-related physical ailments such as hypertension and increased susceptibility to illness and disease.

I have worked with many people who refuse to take vacations fearing the mountain of e-mail that will greet them on their return to work. The organization now reaches far beyond the bricks-and-mortar of the office building. People's boundaries are bombarded by digital demands and many feel powerless to prevent it.

Yet STCT is based on the understanding that our mental health hinges on much more than freedom from job stress. It depends upon our capacity for: (a) what Abraham Maslow called self-actualization—the ability of a person to fully exploit their talents, capabilities, and potential; (b) subjective well-being—the experience of happiness and exuberance; and (c) resilience—the ability to rebound from stress or adversity, to be steeled, not scarred by adverse experience. Short Term Corporate Therapy is designed to:

• help leaders overcome self-imposed psychological barriers, actualize their potential, and maximize their impact on the business;

• boost self-esteem, feelings of well-being, confidence, and optimism;

• promote resilience as a core skill so that a leader can feel comfortable dealing with ambiguity, transformation and change; and

• equip leaders with the skills to be become their own coach/therapist.

FOUNDATIONS OF STCT

The journey that led to the development of the STCT model started during my undergraduate studies at Loughborough University inEngland, and became fully formed at the Institute of Child Health, London, the medical school for Great Ormond Street Hospital. Since I wrote my undergraduate thesis some thirty years ago I have gravitated to the interpersonal school of psychology. It makes sense to me that many people's problems are caused by their relationships with others. My guide to understanding the role and significance of interpersonal relationships was the work of Harry Stack Sullivan, a little-known American psychiatrist who founded the interpersonal approach to psychotherapy. Sullivan believed that psychotherapy should focus on an individual's relationships with others and the effect a person's social and cultural environment has on his or her well-being. He proposed that everything we do in our relationships is driven by a need to achieve and maintain self-esteem and avoid anxiety. As the British psychiatrist John Brown noted:

We have tended in the past to suppose we are self contained individuals looking out from a tower of our own private castle from which we proceed on periodic excursions in order to satisfy physical, emotional and mental needs and desires. We assumed that our contacts with the world left us relatively untouched, the same person as before. In the opinion of Sullivan this is a complete fallacy; we do not merely have experiences—we are our experiences.

I used Sullivan's theories to drive my post-graduate research on the relationship between personality and performance in high performance sports teams. Based on this research, I was recruited to head up a study into the effects of intensive training on elite athletes at the Institute of Child Health. At the time there were many reports of young, successful athletes suffering debilitating injuries, chronic emotional problems such as depression, and abuse from parents determined to see their child win. Ours was the first study of its kind in the world, and my job was to design the program and manage a multi-disciplinary team following several cohorts of young athletes over several years. It was a particularly exciting time to be at the Institute, which was at the cutting edge of therapeutic models, a destination spot where therapists engaged in groundbreaking research and could speak to the new generation of practitioners. It was here that I was introduced to the two additional theorists who would most influence my practice and play an enormous part in the development of Short Term Corporate Therapy.

ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS

During the early design stages of the young athlete study, a chance encounter with a colleague completely changed the way I thought about health and illness and the purpose of our research. Most Monday mornings at the Institute I'd talk with the other clinicians and researchers. We'd catch up with the progress of each other's work before heading off to meet clients, patients, or research subjects. One morning a fellow psychologist was discussing her weekend at a conference in Ireland. She talked about a presentation by a Professor Garmezy, and the impact his research into resilience had had upon her thinking about family systems and child health.

Norman Garmezy was well known. He and others in the field of resilience research turned the focus of psychology and psychopathology on its head. Why, he argued, do we continue to concentrate on illness and disease when we can learn so much from people who survive, and sometimes thrive, in environments of danger, deprivation, or adversity? Over the past thirty years resilience research has had atremendous impact on our understanding of health and provided many significant insights into how children, families, and even organizations can become resilient and cope more effectively with change or adversity.

Subsequent discussions with my colleague and further investigation into Garmezy's work prompted me to think differently about my own research. What if, instead of following the conventional route and looking for rates of pathology and ill health on young athletes in training, we looked at how the intense resilience of young people engaged in performance extremes could raise self-confidence and self-esteem, and protect them from emotional problems? It seemed an exciting opportunity to break new ground. The Training of Young Athletes Study, or TOYA as it became known, would enable us to analyze whether young people engaging in performance extremes (training and competition) were resilient or could acquire resilience. Not only had I discovered a fresh way of looking at the problem of dysfunction in young athletes, I had discovered the first pillar of what would become STCT.

The second and final pillar came from the work of an ebullient family therapist named Salvador Minuchin. Heralded as a genius for his groundbreaking way of looking at the power dynamics of a family, Minuchin and his theory of Structural Family Therapy provided a way to understand some basic truths about my young athletes, as well as a framework for my work with leaders in Microsoft. I often ask teams this question: "If this team were a family, what would it be like?" The answers give me huge insight into the structural dynamics of team relationships.

Minuchin discovered two problems common to troubled families. Some families are "enmeshed"—disordered and tightly interconnected. Others are "disengaged," meaning family relationships are fragmented. In both, families lack clear lines of authority. Enmeshed parents are too intertwined with their children to exercise leadership and control, disengaged parents too remote to provide support and guidance. At the time, anecdotal evidence presupposed that the parents of young athletes were enmeshed—overly involved in their children's sport, bullying, cajoling, and threatening the young athlete to succeed. By studying the family dynamics both in the young athletes' homes, as well as at the Institute, we dispelled this myth. Over three years, we found these families to be far from troubled. Instead they were cohesive, adaptable, and supportive with strong leadership exercised by the parents. One of the main findings that emerged from the study was that the families of young athletes didn't cause emotional or behavior problems in these young children. Rather, the families were the main force protecting their children. Such was the strength of this finding that we went so far as to recommend that so-called normal families whose children did not take part in high-level sport should adopt some of the characteristics from these "super families."

Within my practice at Microsoft I have used Minuchin's theories when counseling leaders and their teams. For example, one of my clients, Mike, was referred to me after relations between him and his new team completely broke down. Mike had recently joined the company and was eager to make his mark. However, he had replaced a very charismatic leader who had kept the team together through the sheer force of his personality. After talking to Mike and members of his team it was clear that Mike had to learn what I call the boundary tango. I often see this dance played out in large meetings or social gatherings. One person, let's call him Steve, moves to talk to Brian. Steve isn't aware of how his presence is affecting Brian and as he moves closer, Brian steps back. Steve moves in to close the gap and Brian once again moves to maintain distance between them. This boundary tango continues until Brian is rescued by a friend or colleague, Steve moves away to dance with someone else, or Brian stands his ground and tells Steve to back off. Mike, like Steve in the example, wasn't giving his team any room to move on their own. The more he pushed the team to accept his authority the more they resisted and moved back. The more they resisted the more frustrated he became. He started to behave like an overinvolved, overinvested parent, asking and then answering his own questions, insisting on having the last word, going into what the team called broadcast mode—telling them what to do rather than listening to differing points of view. By joining the team for a day, much as Minuchin infiltrated the homes of the families he studied, I was able to "out" these dysfunctional ways of communicating and restore trust between Mike and his team so that their dance became more of a give and take, rather than a push and pull.

INTO THE WORKPLACE

Over the course of my twelve years at the Institute, my team followed over five hundred young athletes between the ages of eight and twenty, each for over three years. Some of these children went on to participate in the Olympics. Some became professional tennis players, while others joined professional soccer clubs. We found that this population was significantly more resilient when compared to an age-matched control group who didn't take part in competitive sport. They had a significantly lower risk of depression, higher levels of self-esteem, and perceived their families to be closer and more cohesive than children from the comparison population. Further analysis indicated that children from the comparison population, children who weren't involved in intense physical training, were more than nine times more likely to have low self-esteem and high depression scores than children who were involved in high-level competitive sport. Why? What factors protected these children from the physical, emotional, and psychological effects of stress, whereas others derailed when faced with stress, turning to alcohol or drugs or other self-destructive behavior? In total we identified five protective factors that helped these children cope with the stress of participating in high-level competitive sport:

1. A close, supportive family environment characterized by mutual trust and respect.

2. High self-esteem. These athletes' deep involvement and commitment to succeeding in their sport facilitated a strong sense of self-worth. These young people felt good at something, a belief that gave them a sense of control and mastery over other experiences and events in their lives.

---

Excerpted from Leadership Therapy by Anna Rowley. Copyright © 2007 Anna Rowley. Excerpted by permission of Palgrave Macmillan.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

---